Section 3 American Heritage Study Guide PDF

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American Heritage with Professor Karpowitz...

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It’s been real. It’s been fun. But it hasn’t been real fun. Section Three Readings > (dropdown menu) > Make a Copy APT Readings Quizlet: AHTG Kahoot Final Review: https://create.kahoot.it/share/3a9afc17-b419-40d0-9d82-ecdc3f8e29dd (play with friends or study group) **heads up! A lot of these kahoot answers are wrong. Still good to review if you can catch the mistakes The Wrong Ones from Kahoot: -

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Susan B. Anthony WAS fighting for women’s right to Vote (it’s actually a trick question, she wasn’t fighting for womens’ right to vote because she believed that they already had the right, they just needed to exercise it) The amendment that changes the right to vote to 18 is amendment 26 Wendell Berry believed strongly in community Counter-Culture preached to Rise-up (rise up against anything you didn’t believe in)

All of ya’ll are amazing! And Good luck on the test! :) Remember that your test scores do not determine your eternal worth and value. Bless whoever put this together. Yall are gonna kill it. Here is the link to all of the study questions. Feel free to type your answers to help others get a grasp on if they are understanding the material. Most of these are connection questions (example: Yippie Movement vs. Feminine Mystique) so they may be helpful to fill out! https://docs.google.com/document/d/1u6ml4cy323n6yOlGFbMCMSmsypZV53BWI4Lz1Uehk4E/ed it?usp=sharing Link to section 2 readings review : https://docs.google.com/document/d/1fP8s2z6LK6Za0__b_j2rs29bfSJbdEjVYFWYfhnC0D+ Link to section 1 readings review : https://docs.google.com/document/d/1rqbeIL_xIzA6FBR3bL95Jebim7tCcXgwDBXAniwC 9ic/edit?usp=sharing Link to Section 3 Readings Quizlet: https://quizlet.com/_7iiepe?x=1jqt&i=1eu28j Markets And Morals Sandel, pg.75 Chapter 4 ❖ The case for markets typically rest on two claims- freedom (the libertarian case), and welfare (the utilitarian argument.) ➢ Liberatarian: Letting people engage in voluntary exchanges respects their freedom; laws that interfere with the free market violate individual freedom. ➢ Utilitarian: Free markets promote the general welfare; when two people make a deal, both gain. As long as their deal makes them better off without hurting anyone else, it must increase overall utility. ❖ A market economy is a tool used, but a market society is where everything is for sale. Sandel believes market societies are degrading to the telos of the service/item. ❖ What’s Just? Drafting Soldiers or Hiring Them? ❖ Outsourcing Pregnancy (surrogate mothers) Saving Horatio Alger Richard V. Reeves (Course Reserve)

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Horatio Alger - author, not rags to riches himself, rather poor, but write stories where moral boys, born poor, work hard and with a bit of luck, become successful - the American Dream, anyone can make it America has low social mobility rates compared to Europe, it is hard to move up the socioeconomic ladder People don’t have the ability to “make it” in the way things are set up now, class structures are getting more and more permanent Opposite: Conwell/Sumner

Brennan and Jaworski, “If You May Do It for Free, You May Do It for Money” -There are limits to the market 1) Wrongful possession (wrong in general, not just because it is being sold) a) Example: child porn 2) Incidental limits (right to possess) a) Example: selling a bat to someone who will kill someone with it, subjective 3) Inherent limits (right to possess) **Brennan and Jaworski reject this argument and conclude that the act of selling something does not make it wrong** a) Example: People are allowed to have a vote but not sell their vote Russell H. Conwell, “Acres of Diamonds” (pp. 350-351) ● Justified and encouraged common man to pursue a path of wealth. ● Two arabs who sought their fortune “the acres of diamonds” ○ One died penniless looking for the place where you will always find diamonds ○ Other became rich by remaining at home and pursuing wealth in his own wheat fields ● Every man has the opportunity to make more of himself by taking full advantage of his own environment and his own skill ● You can measure the good you have done by what is paid you ● “To make money honestly is to preach the gospel.” ● The men who get rich may be the most honest in the community ● “98/100 rich men in America are honest. That is why they are rich. That is why they are trusted with money.” ● Money is power ● Money prints your bible, builds your churches, sends your missionaries…. ● It is your Christian and godly duty to earn money and become wealthy ● Don’t obtain it dishonestly and too quickly. Don’t love it (idolatry) ● Rich men’s sons should seek their fortune as their fathers did ● If you wish to be great at all, search for money William Graham Sumner, “What Social Classes Owe to Each Other” (pp. 399-404) - Rich owe nothing to the poor (social darwinism) - Duty is to take care of oneself - 2 dangers of minding others’ business- danger of leaving own responsibilities unattended and danger of unnecessary interference with others’ affairs - Man has no duty to each other besides respect, courtesy and goodwill. - Wealth is an individual responsibility

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There is a “struggle with nature for existence” Forgotten Man: the middle class citizens whose taxes pay for the many programs that social reformers want to institute. A & B decide what C must do for D. Libertarian view Natural liberty- free to do anything that benefits you (not Winthrop’s civil liberty)

FP: Chapter 13 (pp. 207-219) - Populism: direct election, “VOICE OF THE PEOPLE”, mainly farmers, battle between virtuous common people vs corrupt elite, similar to Jefferson - William Jennings Bryan: leader of populist movement - Progressivism: influenced by both parties, Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson, use public power to regulate private power, heavily influenced by Charles Darwin, applied to society by Herbert Spencer, Spencer believed society is always changing - Govt reformation 1. Referendum: laws passed by legislative could be submitted to the people for a vote. If a majority of people voted against the law it would be removed. 2. Recall: citizens could petition election officials to call a special election to consider the removal of an elected official. 3. Initiative: Citizens could put propositions directly on the general election ballot through petition. If the proposition received a majority vote, it could become a law. -

Causes of the great depression - 1. Severe decline in money supply - 2. Steep fall in consumption - 3. Disruption in international trade - Many were ready to turn to socialism - Agricultural failures (Dust Bowl) - Stock Market Crash

“The Progressive Era, 1901-1932” (pp. 425-431) - The years in which intellectuals, activists, and politicians reevaluate inherited institutions and modify politics and society - Restoring economic individualism and political democracy. - The election of 1912, Theodore Roosevelt (Republican party in office, made his own new progressive party and lost), William Howard Taft (Republican president), Woodrow Wilson won the election (Democratic challenger). Theodore Roosevelt, “The New Nationalism” (pp. 432-435) - Square deal → promising a square deal for every man, giving every man an equal opportunity - Sought to rein in corporate companies - Equality of opportunity: make enough money but also have free time - The central issue he argued was government protection of human welfare and property rights - he also argued that human welfare was more important than property rights. - Progressive ideas

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Introduced Graduated Income tax idea (see progressive era amendments below) Republican

Woodrow Wilson, “The New Freedom” (pp. 436-439) - Worried about the industrial masters & private power - Need new solutions - Focused more on new society - Caught in a “heartless” economic system - Use govt power in different ways - Against monopolies (“If there are men in this country big enough to own the government of the United States, they are going to own it;... we need to take possession again of the government which is our own…”) - One group should not have control - The Individual seems lost in complex organizations - “Living constitution” - Democrat - “Freedom today is more than being left alone” - Positive freedom FP: Chapter 13 (pp. 219-230) - Increase of government workers and agencies - Large, impersonal, powerful government lead people to argue that the revolution was betrayed - A rise of monopolies- Carnegie Steel, Rockefeller Oil, etc. “robber barons” or “captains of industry” - Muckrakers- reform minded journalists - Corrupt political machines (party loyalists to deliver votes) - Populism- nationalize banks/railroads to protect farms from private power (rural) - Progressivism- potential of science and technology to protect from private power (urban) - Social Darwinism- society evolves and those best fit will succeed - Economic Reform goals 1. Break monopolies and create competition 2. Regulate (not destroy) business power - Anti-trust acts, regulatory acts - “Run-on-the-bank”- rapid withdrawal of money lead to closure - Federal Reserve System- regulate money supply and stabilize the economy -

Government Reform 1. Referendum- laws submitted directly to people for a veto 2. Recall- petition for special election to recall elected official 3. Initiative- citizens petition resulting in proposition on the general ballot

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Great Depression- widespread recession after the stock market crash of 1929, ended at WWII FDR’s New Deal- Government agencies to stimulate the economy, create job opportunities, and

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boost morale Keynesian economics- government reduces taxes and increases spending to stimulate the economy and get out of recession (Fiscal Policy) Wilson- Treaty of Versailles, League of Nations, 14 Points

“The New Deal Era, 1933-1950” (pp. 499-504) I. Roosevelt dramatically expanded the size and scope of the federal govt A. New Deal policies came as a response to the Great Depression II. Repeated theme of Roosevelt in the 30s: need to reform American democratic institutions so that they could be successful (3 Points are:) A. “American method”: national cooperation & new representative institutions to reform society B. Government and business were to rebrand themselves to operate for the general welfare of the people C. “A democratic government was not merely government by the people, it was a government that worked for the people” Herbert Hoover, “Rugged Individualism Speech” (pp. 505-507) (Oct 1928 Campaign speech) -

Negative liberty, do anything you want as long as it doesn’t impose on anyone, but not laissez faire Traditional visions of freedom and rights In favor of state and local govts Limited national govt Increasing bureaucratization = loss of freedom Business should keep out of govt, and govt should keep out of business The New Dealers were against him Negative liberty, occasionally positive in times of war Task of government is to lessen inequalities Republican party is treating people well and helped post WWI Socialist gov was ok during war, but need to get rid of it now it’s done. Need decentralism to prevent despotism. Need a balance between regulation and free market Great depression era, kinda blamed for it (Hoovervilles)

Franklin D. Roosevelt, “Commonwealth Club Address” (pp. 508-512) (Sept 1932) - Strong Central Government is a haven - Right to life means a right to comfortable living & right to property means the right to be safe in savings - Few thrived while many suffered - No more free land - l has narrowed and small enterprises have suffered - Economy dominated by few businesses - Corporations easily abuse - We must return to the old ways, and the social contract - We must seek the utopia which the founding fathers had envisioned - Era of growth and unrestricted entrepreneurship had ended, and the individualism must

It’s been real. It’s been fun. But it hasn’t been real fun. give way to collective action WPA: employing millions of job-seekers (mostly unskilled men) carry out public works projects, including the construction of public buildings and roads., - CCC: combating high unemployment during the Great Depression by putting hundreds of thousands of young men to work on environmental conservation projects - Social security: Social Security program as well as insurance against unemployment - SEC:Securities and Exchange Commission( prevent future economy dysfunctions) - FDIC: insure commercial bank deposits - NLRB:enforce the rights guaranteed by the National Labor Relations Act Herbert Hoover, “The Fifth Freedom” (April 1943) - FDR’s 4 Freedoms (Positive) 1941 - 2 old: - freedom of speech - freedom of religion - 2 new: - freedom from fear - freedom from want - The fifth freedom is economic freedom - You need the fifth freedom because without it you can’t have the others -

Franklin D. Roosevelt, “The Second Bill of Rights” (Jan 1944) - 8 rights to provide security: 1. A job 2. An adequate wage and decent living 3. Farmer’s right to a fair income 4. Freedom from unfair competition and monopolies 5. A decent home 6. Medical care 7. Economic protection during sickness, accidents, old age or unemployment, social security 8. A good education - “For unless there is security here at home there cannot be lasting peace in the world” Amendment 22 (Appendix, pp. 264-265) - Presidential term limit Albert Jay Nock, “Life, Liberty, and ...” (pp. 513-514) - Loved Thomas Jefferson FP: Chapter 14 (pp. 231-246) - Libertarian ideas (negative liberty) --> hates FDR - Happiness = being able to rely on self - He thinks positive coercion/too much gov will lead to slavery - Very aggressive negative liberty - The government's job is to stay out of things unless someone is affected by another - (Nock it off!) or (knock knock- who’s there?- not the government) - Nock on the state’s door with the pursuit of happiness. Andrew Carnegie, “The Gospel of Wealth” (pp. 405-407) - Distribute wealth throughout life

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Survival of the fittest/ the wealthy are more equipped to regulate society and the economy “The millionaire will be a trustee for the poor” The wealthy are able to administer wealth for the community far better than it could/would have done for itself - (He made carnegie hall for the community) - In favor of estate tax (only this tax) because if you spend your money throughout your life then you don’t have to fear this tax - I spend my money better than the government can spend my money FP: Chapter 14 (pp. 231-246) - WW1 changed the American view and enduring sense of their role in the world - America held many of the “winning cards” of war: - Industrial establishment and capability to produce quickly - Technological sophistication - Lots of draftees available “America and the World” (p. 546) - Foreign Policy Challenges: - WWII & the aftermath of isolationism - Little american resistance to join UN - Emergence of the Cold War & the division of Europe between commies (soviet influence) & non-commies - Formation of NATO (North Atlantic treaty organization) = american decision to keep military alliance with western europe George F. Kennan, “The Sources of Soviet Conduct” (pp. 547-550) - Containment Policy- US must have patient, firm, long-term containment of the Russians - Anti-communism - U.S. power should be used to firmly and vigilantly counter and contain other nations with expansionist tendencies and pernicious ideologies - Nations pursue own interests and those interests conflict - Self-interest Reinhold Niebuhr, “The Children of Light and the Children of Darkness” (pp. 554-557) - The children of the light must understand the power of self-interest without giving it moral justification. Restrain/harness self-interest for the good of the community Robert A. Taft, “A Foreign Policy for Americans” (pp. 558-559) - Disagrees with Niebuhr- only get involved in the world if someone attacks us - Argued that the freedom of the people of the US was/is in serious danger from the foreign and domestic policies of the political class - “War should never be undertaken or seriously risked except to protect American liberty” - In favor of international organization and peace however - The US should assume a moral leadership (be an example and teach others) - Trouble is that they don’t confine themselves to just moral leadership Battle against the spread of communism

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Through positive campaign on behalf of liberty Friendly to all, allies with none- George Washington

Martin Luther King, Jr., “Letter from a Birmingham City Jail” (pp. 597-601) ● Steps of a nonviolent campaign ○ 1. (Research) Collect the facts to know if injustice exists ○ 2. Negotiation ○ 3. Self Purification ■ Are you ready to accept punishment for your actions? 4. Direct Action ■ Occurs only after attempts of Negotiation have been made ● Just and unjust laws ○ Just law- man-made code that squares with the moral law or the law of God ■ Uplift and focus on ○ Unjust law- code that is out of harmony with the moral law ■ Degrades minorities are almost ● White moderates! They feel tension and tell us “wait” but we want equality now. -Intended Effect of Direct Action: Create Tension so people will address the issue -Moral and civil duty to disobey unjust laws -Civil disobedience (Henry Thoreau) Martin Luther King, Jr., “I Have a Dream Speech” (pp. 602-604) - American ideals are good, WE are the issue - Peaceful action - Boys and girls, blacks and whites will live together - His dream is in the American Creed, expressed in the Declaration of Independence, that America will one day live up to that creed.. The bank of justice is NOT bankrupt Malcolm X, “The Ballot or the Bullet” (pp. 605-609) -

Need to start throwing punches, can’t sit around, it makes you a baby and you can’t get anything done by saying please - need to throw the system, revolt If the police dog comes after you, kill it! Kill that dog! React how acted upon nonviolence with nonviolence; violence with violence The rising youth won’t stand for this treatment “Uncle Sam’s hands are dripping with blood” We want freedom NOW Can’t change a white man's mind, only our own. Talked about american nightmare - “America’s conscience is bankrupt.”

Betty Friedan, “The Feminine Mystique” (pp. 610-612) - 50’s housewife ideal is toxic - women are suffering because they have other dreams besides family and home - stuck in the home, and dreams getting suffocated, not getting fulfillment, having breakdowns from making peanut butter sandwiches

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Feminine mystique: expectations of what women should be Culture doesn’t allow women to reach their full potentials The problem that has no name - the unspoken problem - identity crisis

Nikole Hannah-Jones, “Essay for the 1619 Project” - Black people believe in America more than anyone else, also have been through its worst crap. They are the ones who made it a democracy! The blacks were the true founding fathers. Still more loyal to America than anyone else - fought in every war - first person to die for America was a black man - Lincoln blamed blacks for war, didn’t see a way for them to stay after they are freed - offered to send them to a new country just for them, but the blacks wanted to stay! This was their country and they refused to believe that blacks and whites couldn’t live in the same country on equal grounds - “Blacks have seen the worst of America yet, somehow, we still believe in its best” “Citizenship and Community” (p. 583) -

Americans of the 50s = joiners (conform) Americans of the 60s = radical activists LBJ’s “great society” offered community action programs to fight poverty & a desire to rise above ...