Seeley\'s Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology 9th Edition Chapter 1 PDF

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Summary

Anatomy – body structure Means to dissect (from the Greek word anatomea) Physiology – processes, functions Systemic physiology  Cellular physiologyIMPORTANCE OF ANATOMY ANDPHYSIOLOGYUnderstand how the body: Responds to stimuli Environmental changes Environmental cues Diseases Injury  Maintains st...

Description

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Anatomy – body structure -

Means to dissect (from the Greek word anatomea)

Physiology – processes, functions  

Systemic physiology Cellular physiology

IMPORTANCE OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Understand how the body: -

Responds to stimuli Environmental changes Environmental cues Diseases Injury



Maintains stable, internal conditions despite continually changing environment.

TYPES OF ANATOMY  -

Systemic Studies body systems

 -

Regional Studies the body (medical schools)

 -

Surface Studies external features (e.g. bone projections)

 -

Anatomical imaging Using technologies (x-rays, ultrasound MRI)

regions

STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION

Six levels from chemical to organism: 1. Chemical - Smallest level - Atoms, chemical molecules

bonds,

2. Cellular - Cells: units of life - Compartments and organelles (e.g. mitochondria, nucleus, ribosome, cytoplasm) 3. Tissues - Groups of cells with similar structure and function plus extracellular substances they release - Four broad types:  Epithelieal  Connective  Muscular  Nervous 4. Organs - Two or more tissue types acting together to perform function(s) - e.g. stomach, heart, liver, ovary bladder, kidney 5. Organ system - Group of organs contributing to some function - E.g. digestive system, reproductive system 6. Organism - All organ systems working together

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY -

Includes associated microorganisms such as intestinal bacteria

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE Collectively, all living species show: 











Organization - Functional interrelationships between parts Metabolism - Sum of all chemical and physical changes sustaining an organism - Ability to acquire and use energy in support of these changes Responsiveness - Ability to sense and respond to environmental changes - Includes both internal and external environments Growth - Can increase in size (size of cells, exracellular materials) Development - Changes in form and size - Changes in cell structure and function - Generalized to specialized differentiation Reproduction - Formation of new cells or new organisms - Generation of new individuals

-

Tissue repair

Homeostasis – maintainance of constant internal environment Variables – measures of body properties that may change in value Examples of variables:      

Blood temperature Heart rate Blood pressure Blood glucose levels Blood cell counts Respiratory rate

Set point – normal, or average value of a variable Normal range – normal extent of increase or decrease around a set point Set points for some variables can be temporarily adjusted depending on body activities, as needed: Examples: Body temperature – fever Heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate – exercise Negative feedback -

Mechanism that maintains homeostasis Negative feedback response:

Detection: of deviation away from set point and…

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Correction: reversal of deviation toward set point and normal range Positive feedback -

-

System response causes progressive deviation from set point, outside of normal range Not directly used for homeostasis

Example: childbirth  

Generally associated with injury, disease Negative feedback mechanisms unable to maintain homeostasis

TERMINOLOGY AND THE BODY PLAN Anatomical position – person standing erect with face and palms forward -

All relational description based on the anatomical position, regardless of body orientation

(back) correspond to anterior and posterior in humans Medial - close to midline Lateral - away from midline Proximal attachment

close

Distal - far attachment

to

from

point

of

point

of

Superficial - structure close to the surface Deep - structure interior of the body

toward

the

Body Planes Sagittal – vertical plane, between anterior and posterior Midsagittal – sagittal plane along the midline -

Divides body into equal left and right halves

Transverse – horizontal plane Frontal – vertical plane, between lateral surfaces

Supine – person lying face up

Body Regions

Prone – person lying face down

Upper limbs - upper arm, forearm, wrist, hand

Directional Terms Superior - above

Lower limbs – thigh, lower leg, ankle, foot

Inferior - below

Central region - head, neck, trunk

Anterior - front (also: ventral)

Body Cavities

Posterior - back (also: dorsal)

Thoracic cavity – space between chest wall and diaphragm

Note: in four legged animals, the terms ventral (belly) and dorsal

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY -

Contains heart, lungs, thymus gland, esophagus, trachea

Mediastinum – space between lungs -

Contains heart, thymus gland, esophagus, trachea

Abdominal cavity – space between diaphragm and pelvis -

Contains stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, kidneys

Pelvic cavity – space within pelvis -

Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, part of large intestine

Serous Membranes -

Line trunk cavities, cover organs Structure: visceral serous membranes that covers organs; Parietal serous membrane cavity between above, fluid-filled

Three sets of serous membranes and cavities:   

Pericardium (Pericardial Cavity) – around heart Pleura (Pleural Cavity) – around lungs Peritoneum (Peritoneal Cavity) – around abdominopelvic cavity and its organs

Pericardium

Visceral pericardium – covers heart Parietal fibrous

pericardium

Pericardial friction

cavity

–

–

thick,

reduces

Pleura Visceral pleura – covers lungs Parietal pleura – lines inner wall of thorax Pleural cavity – reduces friction -

Adheres wall

lungs

to

thoracic

Peritoneum Visceral peritoneum – covers, anchors organs -

Double layers mesenteries

called

Parietal peritoneum – lines inner wall of abdominopelvic cavity Peritoneal friction

cavity

–

reduces...