SET 6 - Harris Lash PDF

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SET 6 bones of skeleton axial and appendicular skeleton

axial skeleton bones of skull, vertebral column, rib cage, protect, support, carry other body parts

appendicular skeleton bones of the upper and lower limbs and girdles (shoulder and hip bones), locomotion, manipulation

cartilages hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

long bones humerus

flat bones sternum

irregular bones vertebra

short bones talus

spongy bone (diploe) slender trabeculae containing irregular lamellae, which enclose red marrow filled cavities, found in the epiphyses, made of trabeculae, flat bones, head of long bones, red or yellow bone marrow between trabeculae, osteocytes

compact bone osteocytes in lacunae, osteocytes are connected to each other and central canal by canaliculi. Concentric lamellae of bone matrix surrounds central canal, dense, forms diaphysis, made of osteons, in the middle

proximal epiphysis ends of a long bone, contain spongy bone

diaphysis shaft of a long bone, contain compact bone

distal epiphysis ends of a long bone, contain spongy bone

periosteum covers the _______________. diaphysis

endosteum lines __________________. inner bone cavities

hyaline cartilage covers _________________. joint surfaces

medullary cavity of the diaphysis contains ________. yellow marrow

steps of bone repair hematoma, cartilaginous callus, bony callus, remodeling (osteoclast)

5 major cell types that populate bone tissue osteogenic cell, osteoblast, osteocyte, osteoclast

osteogenic cell bone stem cells, found in the membranous periosteum and endosteum, produce osteoblasts

osteoblast matrix-synthesizing and bone forming cells, fibroblasts and chondroblasts

osteocyte

mature bone and bone matrix maintenance cells, monitors the mineralized bone matrix

osteoclast bone resorbing and destruction cells, giant multinucleate

bone lining cells flat cells, found on bone surfaces where bone remodeling is not going on, help maintain the bone matrix, periosteal cells are bone lining cells on the external bone surface, endosteal lining cells on the internal bone surface

endochondral ossification in a long bone bone collar forms around the diaphysis of the hyaline cartilage model, cartilage in the center of the diaphysis calcifies and then develops cavities, the periosteal bud invades the internal cavities and spongy bone forms, the diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity forms and secondary ossification centers appear in the epiphyses, the epiphyses ossify and when completed, hyaline cartilage remains only in the epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages.

intramembranous ossification ossification centers appear in the fibrous connective tissue membrane, osteoid is secreted within the fibrous membrane and calcifies, woven bone and periosteum form, lamellar bone replaces woven bone, just deep to the periosteum and red marrow appears.

diploe (spongy bone) cavities contain ____________. red marrow

4 zones of long bone growth in length

resting, proliferation, hypertonic, calcification, ossification

bone growth and bone remodeling endochondral ossification occurs at the articular cartilages and epiphyseal plates as the bone lengthens

parathyroid hormone (PTH) control of blood calcium levels the hormonal controls of bone remodeling serve blood calcium homeostasis. When blood calcium levels decline, PTH is released and stimulates osteoclasts to digest bone matrix, releasing ionic calcium. As blood calcium levels rise, PTH secretion declines.

calcium homeostatis of blood 9-11 mg/100 ml

stages in the healing of a bone fracture hematoma forms, fibrocartilaginous callus forms, bony callus forms, bone remodeling occurs.

common types of fractures comminuted, spiral, depressed, compression, epiphyseal, greenstick

comminuted fracture type bone fragments into 3 or more pieces, common in the aged

spiral fracture type ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone, common sports fracture

depressed fracture type broken bone portion is pressed inward, typical of skull fracture

compression fracture type bone is crushed, common in porous bones (osteoporotic bones in a fall, crushed vertebra)

epiphyseal fracture type epiphysis separates from the diaphysis along the epiphyseal plate, tends to occur where cartilage cells are dying and calcification of the matrix is occurring.

greenstick fracture type bone breaks incompletely, only one side of the shaft breaks, the other side bends, common in children

osteomalacia and Ricket inadequate bone mineralization

osteoporosis Bone resorption and deposit More severe in spongy bone, bones are porous and thin but bone composition is normal

Osteosarcoma (bone cancer) abnormal proliferation of osteoblasts

Osteogenesis imperfacta inherited genetic disorder, lack of proper collagen fibers, brittle bone disease

Paget's disease

avascular necrosis loss of blood supply to the bone

projections for joints head, facet, condyle

projections for muscle and ligament tuberosity, trochanter, crest, process, epicondyle

depressions and openings for joint fossa

depressions and openings for passage foramen, notch, meatus

radius and ulna

humerus

clavicle

scapula

femur and tibia

illium

parietal bone, frontal bone and occipital bone of the skull

Osteoclasts are the bone cells that break down bone. If they were activated more than normal, you should expect to see bone loss.

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While not as strong as compact bone, spongy bone is a great shock absorber. ...

Osteoporosis refers to groups of diseases in which bone resorption outpaces bone deposit. The bones become fragile and easily fractured. The composition of the matrix remains normal, but bone mass declines, and the bones become porous and light. ...

The structural unit of compact bone is the osteon, an elongated cylinder oriented parallel to the long axis of the bone. ...

Lamellae are layers of bony matrix synthesized by osteoblasts during bone growth and maintenance. They surround osteocytes in lacunae. ...

Osteoid-producing osteoblasts must rely upon ribosomes to produce primary structures leading to the formation of collagen and calcium-binding proteins. ...

The formation of bone from fibrous membranes is called intramembranous ossification. ...

The main role of the appendicular skeleton involves locomotion; it also allows us to manipulate our environment. The axial skeleton is mostly involved in supporting other body parts and protecting vital organs. ...

achondroplasia

genetic disease that can lead to shortening of the long bones due to premature closure of the epiphyseal plate.

Glucagon's main action is to increase blood glucose levels by triggering the breakdown of glycogen in the liver; it does not affect bone remodeling. ...

factors that affect bone remodeling low blood Ca2+ concentration, parathyroid hormone, mechanical stress

Glycogen production (glycogenesis) is not a role of bone; it takes place primarily in muscle and liver cells. ...

The periosteum is composed of dense irregular connective tissue along with a layer of simple squamous epithelium. ...

Interstitial growth occurs when chondrocytes divide and form new matrix, thereby expanding the cartilage tissue from within. This causes the cartilage to lengthen. ...

Osteocytes, literally "bone cells," are the primary structural and maintenance cells found in bone. ...

Yellow bone marrow within the medullary cavity is composed primarily of adipose tissue (fat). ...

Flat bones consist of spongy bone sandwiched between compact bone. Flat bones consist of two thin plates of compact bone enclosing a spongy bone layer.

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sites of hematopoiesis include: red marrow cavities of spongy bone, the diploe of flat bones, medullary cavities in the bones of infants

the organic portion of matrix is important in _______ providing tensile strength, ability to resist stretch and flexibility (collagen)

organic components include ____________ bone cells and osteoid

osteoid makes up approximately one third of the matrix, includes ground substance and collagen fibers, both of which are secreted by osteoblasts.

osteoid's ground substance proteoglycans and glycoproteins

inorganic components include mineral salts or hydroxyapatites in and around collagen fibers in the extracellular matrix. hardness, resist compression and tension

the flat bones of the skull develop from fibrous connective tissue. ...

bone remodeling in adults is regulated and directly mainly by mechanical stress and PTH. ...

most blood cell formation, or hematopoiesis occurs in the red marrow cavities of certain bones. ...

hematopoietic tissue, red marrow is typically found within the trabecular cavities of spongy bone of long bones and in the diploe of flat bones. sternum and hip bone (red marrow) ...

some bones such as sesamoid bones (kneecap) are completely embedded in tendons. ...

the epiphyseal is a remnant of cartilage found in growing long bones. ...

blood cell formation in adult long bones occurs only in the heads of the femur and humerus. ...

tendons fibrous connective tissue, attach muscle to bone, muscle to structures, move the bone or structure

ligaments fibrous connective tissue, attach bone to bone, hold structures together and keep them stable

bone deposit by osteoblast, occurs wherever bone is injured and extra strength is required

bone resorption by osteoclast, releasing enzymes and hydrochloric acid, which enter the blood stream where they can be used (Ca) or eliminated (dead cell fragments)...