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The Skeletal System PRE-LAB QUESTIONS 1. List the functions of the skeletal system. – The skeletal system helps keep everything in place and protects vital organs. Also important for blood cell production, calcium storage, and endocrine regulation.

2. What material contributes the most to the compressive strength of bone? – Calcium Phosphate and Calcium Carbonate

3. Briefly describe the process of bone remodeling. – The bones must adapt in order to adapt to one’s physical needs so the bone reshapes itself.

4. Research Wolff’s Law. How does the formation of torus mandibularis relate to this theory? – The formation of torus mandibularis relates to this theory because it is correlated with people who grind their teeth. The repetition of teeth being grinded causes the body to produce torus mandibularis.

5. Given your understanding of Wolff’s Law, what mechanical consideration would be important when designing a bioreactor for osteocyte growth ex vivo? The type of cyclical mechanical stimulation would be important when designing a bioreactor for osteocyte growth.

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The Skeletal System EXPERIMENT 1: CLASSIFICATION OF BONES Data Tables Table 6: Classification of Numbered Bones Bone Name

Classification by Shape

Classification by Location

Femur

Long

Appendicular

Carpals

Short

Appendicular

Vertebrae

Irregular

Axial

Frontal

Flat

Axial

Ulna

Long

Appendicular

Sternum

Flat

Axial

Temporal

Flat

Axial

Radius

Long

Appendicular

Tibia

Long

Appendicular

Tarpals

Short

Appendicular

Post-Lab Questions 1. Why is it important to classify bones? - It is important to classify bones because each bone has a unique shape and function.

6. Aside from length, what are some other common characteristics of a long bone? Are long bones typically associated with the axial or appendicular skeleton? – Long bones are typically associated with the appendicular skeleton. Also, their ends are covered with cartilage.

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The Skeletal System 7. Compare and contrast flat bones and long bones. Flat bones and long bones are both sites for red bone marrow. Flat bones are thin, flat and long, whereas long bones are long and spherical.

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The Skeletal System EXPERIMENT 2: DIGITAL SLIDE IMAGE EXAMINATION - BONE Post-Lab Questions 1. Identify the indicated components in the slide image.

AInterstitial Lamellae

BHaversian system

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The Skeletal System C Concentric Lamellae

D Haversian canals

8. Identify the indicated components in the slide image.

A Trabeculae

B Marrow Cavity ©eScience Labs, 2016

The Skeletal System 9. Compare and contrast the structures of cortical bone and trabecular bone. Cortical bones are much denser than trabecular bones. These bones are found in the shaft of long bones. Trabecular bones are much less dense and are found in the ends of long bones

10. What is the purpose of cortical bone and trabecular bone? – Cortical bones are responsible for support, protection, and storing and releasing chemicals. Trabecular bones are responsible for transferring mechanical loads from the articular surface to the cortical bone.

11. What are trabeculae? What is their function? – Trabeculae are microscopic elements of tissue that anchors a framework of parts within the body.

12. What are Haversian systems? What is their function? Haversian systems are what compact bone tissue is made up of. They allow bones to get oxygen and nutrition without needing to be highly vascular.

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The Skeletal System EXPERIMENT 3: OWL PELLET DISSECTION Data Tables Table 7: Owl Pellet Observations Pellet Characteristics

Observations

Pellet Length (cm)

5cm5cm

Pellet Width (cm)

3.3cm

Physical Observations

Dried, oval shaped, brown

Table 8: Animal Bone Observations Bone

Animal Source

Number of Bones

Skull

Rodent

1

Jaw

Rodent

1

Scapula

Rodent

1

Rib

Rodent

13

Vertebrae

Rodent

26

Hindlimb

Rodent

4

Forelimb

Rodent

4

Pelvic bone

Rodent

4

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The Skeletal System Post-Lab Questions 1. What types of bones did you recover from the pellet? I managed to recover ribs, forelimb, skull, jaw, pelvic bone, and hindlimb.

13. Compare the bones you dissected in the owl pellet to human bones. Which bones are similar, which are different, and why? – The bones are extremely similar, which means the functions are as well.

14. How can scientists use owl pellets to study the skeletal systems of small mammals in a specific ecosystem? - Scientists can use owl pellets to study skeletal systems by using their findings to determine what types of animals could possibly be inhabiting a certain ecosystem.

15. In addition to owls, other birds of prey produce pellets. The contents of these pellets are dictated by where the bird lives. What would you expect to find in a pellet from a shorebird, such as a gull? – You would expect to find all the bones, fur, and feathers that the seagull has consumed.

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The Skeletal System EXPERIMENT 4: EFFECTS OF ACID ON BONE Data Tables Table 9: Effect on Pellet Bones Beaker

Observations

Water

Bones inside of the water sank to the bottom and remained with their rigid texture.

Vinegar

Some bones floated and some sank. The bones inside the vinegar became much more flexible and their opacity lowered as well.

Post-Lab Questions 1. Which group of bones is more flexible? Why is this so? The bones inside of the vinegar were more flexible because the vinegar dissolved the calcium found inside of the bones.

16. What was damaged in the bones placed in vinegar? The vinegar contains acetic acid, and the bones contain calcium carbonate. When these two are combined, it produces calcium acetate which diffuses out the bone when formed.

17. How might the experiment results vary if the same procedure was performed using bones that had not been regurgitated in an owl pellet (such as raw chicken bones)? The bones may have reacted the same as the owl pellets, but it would have been a lengthier process.

18. Some people suffer from a disease called rickets, in which their bones have not been adequately calcified. Which group of bones is most similar to that of a patient with rickets? Why? The second group of bones is most like that of a patient with rickets. This is because the vinegar removed the calcium from the bones, which micked the disease rickets that does not allow people to absorb calcium.

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The Skeletal System EXPERIMENT 5: PHYSICAL SKELETON – THE AXIAL SKELETON Data Tables Table 15: Cervical Vertebrae Observations Vertebral Feature Size of cervical vertebrae in comparison to those of the thoracic and lumbar region

Observations The cervical vertebrae are much larger than the vertebrae located in the thoracic and lumbar region. However, it is not as thick.

Shape of the vertebral foramen

The shape is triangular

Spinous process of the C3 – C6 vertebrae

Bifid Spinous process of C3-C6 vertebrae.

Spinous process of the C7 vertebra

Spinous process is prevalent.

Table 16: Thoracic Vertebrae Observations Vertebral Feature Size and weight of the thoracic vertebrae in comparison to those of the cervical and lumbar region Shape of the vertebral body Appearance and projection direction of the spinous process

Observations Thicker than the vertebrae in the cervical and lumbar region. Unique shape that is similar to a heart. Long and thick.

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The Skeletal System Table 17: Lumbar Vertebrae Observations Vertebral Feature

Observations

Size of the lumbar vertebrae in comparison to those of the cervical and thoracic region

Thickest out of all these regions listed.

Shape of the vertebral body

Oval shaped

Appearance and projection direction of the spinous process

Posterior

Table 18: Rib Feature Observations Rib Feature

Observations

Length of ribs 1 – 7 (do they increase or decrease in length?)

They increase in length

Length of ribs 8 – 12 (do they increase or decrease in length?)

They decrease in length

Articulation of the ribs and thoracic vertebrae (notice the specific rib and vertebra that articulate)

Ribs 2-9 articulate with costal facets on two nearby vertebrae. Ribs 1, 10, 11, & 12 articulate with individual vertebrae at single costal facets.

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The Skeletal System Post-Lab Questions 1. What are the three components of the axial skeleton? Describe the function of each. The three components of the axial skeleton include the skull, the thoracic cage, and the vertebral column. The skull’s function is to protect the head and adjust the position of the head, neck, and trunk. The thoracic cage is responsible for breathing movements. Lastly, the vertebral column is in charge of stabilizing and positioning parts of the appendicular skelton.

19. Identify the labeled components on the skull below.

A Sphenoid ©eScience Labs, 2016

The Skeletal System

B Zygomatic process

C Mandible

D Frontal bone

E Supra-orbital margin

F Vomer

20. Indicate whether the following bones are cranial or facial bones, and give their location.

Bone

Facial or Cranial Location

Temporal Bones

Cranial: walls of the cranium

Mandible

Facial: lower portion of the jaw

Vomer Zygomatic Bones

Facial: inferior portion of the nasal septum Facial: cheekbones

Parietal Bones

Cranial: superior & lateral surfaces of the cranium

Ethmoid Bone

Cranial: floor of the cranium roof of the nasal cavity and medial orbital wall

Sphenoid Bone

Cranial: floor of the cranium

Lacrimal Bones

Facial: medial wall of the eye sockets

21. What are the three regions of the vertebral column? Describe the general shape and size of the vertebrae in each region. Cervical: Curved, oval, small Thoracic: medium, unique heart shape, facets for the ribs. Lumbar: very large, oval, flat. ©eScience Labs, 2016

The Skeletal System 22. What are the atlas and axis? What are their functions? The atlas is the first cervical vertebrae responsible for supporting the head’s weight. The axis is the second cervical vertebrae responsible for rotating the head.

23. Identify the vertebral structures on the images below.

A Vertebral arch

B Vertebral body

C Spinous process

D Transverse process

E Vertebral foramen

24. What is the purpose of the thoracic cage? Provides support to the walls of the thoracic cavity. ©eScience Labs, 2016

The Skeletal System 25. Describe the three components of the sternum. Manubrium: broad, shaped like a trapezoid, articulates with the cartilages and clavicles of the first pair of ribs. Body: attaches to the inferior surface of the manubrium and extends inferiorly. Xiphoid process: smallest part, attached to the sternum.

26. Describe the difference between true ribs, false ribs, and floating ribs. – True ribs connect to the sternum by individual costal cartilage, false ribs connect to the sternum by shared costal cartilage and floating ribs do not connect to the sternum at all.

EXPERIMENT 6: VIRTUAL MODEL – THE AXIAL SKELETON Post-Lab Questions 1. What features are located inferior to the cranium and superior to the mandible? Identify the category here. How many individual items are included in this category? (Hint: the answer is not a bone.) The features located inferior to the cranium and superior to the mandible are the sinus cavities. There are 4 individual items located in this category.

27. Why aren’t teeth considered bones? Teeth are not considered bones since they are covered in enamel and are unable to heal themselves or grow.

28. Identify the two major bones that comprise the head. The cranium and the mandible.

29. To what bones does the right scapula attach? The right scapula attaches the humerus to the clavicle.

30. Is the left clavicle superior or inferior to the right scapula? The left clavicle is superior to the right scapula.

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The Skeletal System EXPERIMENT 7: PHYSICAL SKELETON – THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON Post-Lab Questions 1. What are the four parts of the upper extremity and the lower extremity of the appendicular skeleton? The four parts of the upper extremity are the pectoral girdle, the arm, the forearm, and the hand. The four parts of the lower extremity are the pelvic girdle, the thigh, the leg, and the foot.

31. Compare and contrast the size and function of the upper and lower extremities of the appendicular skeleton. The lower extremities are larger in comparison to the upper extremities. This is because the lower extremities are made to handle the weight of your body, which is also why they have more muscle connections than the upper extremities.

32. What are the three fused bones that make up the coxae of the pelvic girdle? What is their location in relationship to one another? The three fused bones that make up the coxae of the pelvic girdle are the illium, the ischium, and the pubis. The ischium is inferior and posterior to the illium and the anterior portion of the coxal bone is made of the pubis.

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The Skeletal System EXPERIMENT 8: VIRTUAL MODEL – THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON Post-Lab Questions 1. How many left metatarsals are there? There are 5 left metatarsals.

33. Is the right fibula inferior or superior to the patella? The right fibula is inferior to the patella.

34. Which is more proximal to the body: the lunate bone or the medial epicondyle? Lunate bone

35. Which two bones attach to the patella? Femur, tibia

36. Identify the two bones that comprise the leg. Femur, tibia, fibula

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The Skeletal System EXPERIMENT 9: ARTICULATIONS Post-Lab Questions 1. In what two ways can joints be classified? What are the three classifications of each type? Joints can be classified as joint or articulation. The three classifications of each type include fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial.

37. Fibrous joints are either sutures or syndesmoses. What is the difference between the two? Give examples of each type. Sutures are made of tight-fitting bones with little to no connective tissue. For instance, coronal sutures, lambdoid sutures, sagittal sutures, and squamous sutures. Syndesmoses are joints that are joined by small amounts of dense, fibrous connective tissues. Some examples would be distal tibia, fibular joint, and radioulnar joint.

38. Symphyses and synchondroses are two classifications of what type of joint? What are the differences between the two classifications? They are classifications of cartilaginous joints. Symphyses bones are connected with a disc of fibrocartilage and synchondroses are connected with a plate of hyaline cartilage.

39. What allows synovial joints to be diarthrotic? Synovial fluid allows them to be diarthrotic.

40. Fill in the table below:

Joint

Articulating Bones

Type of Synovial Joint

Movement

Elbow

Humerus, ulna, & radius

Hinge

Flexion, extension

Knee

Femur, tibia

Hinge

Flexion, extension

Hip

Hip bone, femur

Ball & socket

Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation

Ankle

Tibia, fibula, talus

Gliding

Flexion, abduction, adduction, rotation

Wrist

Radius and

Condyloid

Flexion, extension, ©eScience Labs, 2016

The Skeletal System Joint

Articulating Bones proximal carpal bones

Type of Synovial Joint

Movement abduction, adduction, circumduction

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The Skeletal System EXPERIMENT 10: SKELETAL SYSTEM OF THE FETAL PIG Data Tables Table 34: Skeletal Region Observations Skeletal Region

Observations

Axial Skeleton

Small bones in this skeleton

Appendicular Skeleton

Hard/rough feeling

Joints

Small joints

Post-Lab Questions 1. What are some of the similarities and differences you noticed between the human skeletal system and the palpation of the fetal pig skeletal system? The major difference I noticed between the fetal pig skeletal system was the snout and tail, which us humans do not have. However, the joints of the fetal pig functioned similarly to humans’.

41. In addition to fetal pigs, adult cats are often used for dissection. Describe some difficulties you might encounter using an adult cat for a dissection as compared to a fetal pig, with focus on the skeletal system. The adult cat’s skeletal system would be much more complex than a fetal pig. Not only this, but an adult cat aren’t as flexible as the bones of a fetal pig.

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