Social Psychology - Exam 1 PDF

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Exam 1, Chapter 1-4. Dr. Mark Bowler...

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Social Psych Exam #1 January 23, 2018 - Tuesday Independent view of self – yourself is considered unique other than anyone else. In West America, and Western European cultures. Interdependent view of self – self-seen is connected to others, defined by social duties and shared traits or preferences. In East America, Asia, and Latin America. Self-Concept is how you define yourself.. Self-Schemas is a mental structure that organize all of your thoughts about yourself. (how your brain arranges all “I am” situation.. Schema is Types of Self:  Actual self: who you believe yourself to be.  Ideal/Possible Self: the self that embodies an individual’s wishes and aspirations.  Ought Self: the self that is concerned with the duties, obligations, and demands an individual feels compelled to honor. (things you have to do.) Spotlight Effect – we think everyone is watching us but we overestimate the extent to which others are paying attention too. **T-Shirt Study Illusion of transparency: we are keenly aware of our own emotion we expect others to be able to read our emotional state. Being under 21 Development of your self-concept. The roles we play – brother, students, brother/sister Social Identity – race, religion, sex(your biology), gender(what you identify as), nationality, Success and failure- our daily experiences causes us to have empowerment or low self-esteem. Social Comparisons – we compare ourselves with others and consider how we differ. Can diminish satisfaction. Other’s judgements – looking-glass self.. how we think others perceive us as a mirror for perceiving ourselves. Self Esteem – and overall self-evaluation of your self-worth. We use self-schema to appraise ourselves. Motivated to defend our self-esteem. If you fail it’s not your fault, if you did it is your fault. Etc. with roommate; (FAE/SSB) 2 types of Self-Esteem: Trait Self Esteem – stable overtime, doesn’t change. State Self Esteem – a fluctuation, that depends on different times of the day.

People with high self-esteem, make others feel insecure. o May react aggressively when self esteem is threatened. Found in gang members and terriorist In normal individuals, high level of self-esteem show obnoxious, violence, and aggressive behavior. Dark Triad:  Narcissim  Machiavellianism (manipulatism)  Anti-Social Psychopathy. Explicit – what you say you are Implicit – what you really are. Self-serving bias is good. Can improve self esteem. Can prevent depression Reduces stress Helps terminal patients (Cancer) Self-serving bias is bad Unrealistic view of the world. Lead singer effect – think they are the reason the band is good. False consensus is the idea that overestimate how common you opinions and behavior are. You think most people share the same ideas. EX: liars assume everyone else is lying, bc they lie. Droughts and yards, “loose change” Uniqueness Effect is the tendency to underestimate your abilities, and morals. Self-Efficacy + Locus of Control = Perceived Self-Control Self-Efficacy – can you do a task successfully? Locus of Control – are you in control of the things that you do in your own life. **freewill. If you believed that you don’t have perceived self-control, then you develop learned helplessness. Learned helplessness is Self-Determination Self-Presentation is the way we try to gender others to see us. False modesty – is presenting a humble exterior when you are truly proud. Self-Handicapping is when you intentionally do something that will rationally excuse a failure. Self-Monitoring – are you aware of how you present yourself, and how others view you.

January 25, 2018 - Thursday Social Cognition – focusing all the thoughts that you think of other people. Look at other people as though you’re looking at yourself. Schema is the way that your brain interconnects all the different ideas. When schema is violated, or doesn’t fit, that is when you have to deliberately think. Scripts are specialized schemas of how to act in social situations. Graduate Student’s Office – bring people in office and leave room, then recall what was in the office. However, you only see the things In the office that belongs in the office. 4 Heuristics  Heuristics are mental shortcuts, that help estimate how likely something will occur. o Representativeness heuristics –the tendency to judge the frequency or likelihood of an event by the event whit it resembles the typical case.  Ex is a coin toss. o Availability – judge the frequency or likelihood of something occurring by how recently you’ve thought about it, or saw it. (influenced by the attention paid to the topic.)  Ex is a plane crash, or child being kidnapped. o Simulation – you think things are more likely the more that you imagine them.  Ex is missing the lottery ticket by 1 number being off. “I could’ve made it, if I would’ve been on by 1 number.” o Anchoring and Adjustments – the frequency of the value of something, you go to the starting point and then make adjustments up or down from that point. Motivated Confirmation Bias – is sought because people want to maintain a certain belief. Illusory correlation – when you think things are associated when they are really not. o Child is bitten by a cat, every cat the child sees, they think the cat bites.  Rituals for winning games, red shoes..always wear red shoes. Contingency Table - thinks that happen based on when stuff happen. Full Moon – hospital

Gambler Fallacy & Hot Hand – keep throwing dice in a specific way and get a good outcome, so you continue doing so. Basically believe on luck.. have to keep playing because they think they’re hot. Perseverance of Theories – refers to the tendency of the mind to stick with a conclusion unless there is an overwhelming evidence to change it. Going to extremes: Polarization – the longer people think about something the more extreme the opinion becomes. Tendency toward extremes is called polarization.

TEST #2 – GROUPS A group is two or more people who o Interact with one another directly or indirectly. o Share a common goal or norm(shared rules/procedures) o Have a stable r-ship, are interdependent, perceive they are part of a group. And not a collection of people in a lobby, street corner, or elevator. Groups form a psychological need to belong. Needs: Physiological needs – air, water, food, shelter, sleep, clothing, and reproduction. Safety Needs – personal security, employment, resources, health, and property. Love and Belong – friendship, intimacy, family, sense of connection. Esteen – respect, self-esteem, status, recognition, strength and freedom. Self-actualization – desire to become the most that one can be. Ostracism – excluding one or more individuals from a group by reducing or eliminating contact with the person usually by ignoring, shunning, Need for affiliation in groups: (nAff) Groups provide members with social info, assistance, and social support. Theory of Social Comparison: People join with others to evaluate the accuracy of their personal beliefs and attitudes. Downward Social Comparison: To maintain a sense of self-worth, people seek out and compare themselves to the less fortunate. (compare your status, beliefs, to someone that you know are beneath you; this makes you feel better.)

Identity and Membership: people define who they are by inherent qualities as well as their memberships in groups. We identify with the groups we belong to and we allow those groups to enhance our sense of self-worth. Your self-esteem matches your group. It’s an unconscious measurement of exclusion. Social Identity Theory: groups influence their member self-concepts and selfesteem. Collective Self Esteem – do you like yourself based on your group membership? If you have high Self-Esteem , you have negative inclusion. If you have low self-esteem, you have positive inclusion. Evolutionary Advantages of Group Living: The more you get along with other, the more you are to survive. The less that you get along with others, the less you are to survive. Triplett (1989) studied children performance in a game alone or paired up. Studies show performance is better when they’re around other people. (social facilitation.) Social Facilitation: the strengthening of dominant responses when in the presence of others. The dominant response is better performance: biking, fishing, simple math problems, simple motor tasks. How does a group affect your physiology? Being around other people make you perspire (palms sweat), breath faster, increased muscle tensions, higher blood pressure, and faster heart rate. ALL ARE AROUSAL.

Social Loafing: the tendency for people to exert less effort when they pool their efforts towards a common goal than when they are individually accountable. Free riders: people who benefit from the group but give little in return. (Credit Cards.) o Seen at different ages (children to adults), Seen in different cultures. Deindividuation – the loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension that can occur in group situations. when you’re in a group and you realize you cannot be identified. Doing together what we would not do alone.

Groupthink: times when groups can make bad decision. Cohesion Internal Biased leadership Decisional stress Forming Storming – working out the bumps Norming Performing Adjourning – groups ends February 8, 2018 - FAMILY Traditional Conceptions: Nuclear Family – a family and children (3.5) Two-Parent Family – a family with two parents, often a mother and a father.. Modern Conceptualizations:  Child Free Family  Same-Sex couples

 Blended  Single Parent

Family is caring, commitment, And close emotional ties. A close emotional tie, is two ways. Family of orientation – the family that you’re born into, adopted into, or raises you thru childhood. Family of Procreation – the family that you create. Start your own family. Joint Family: some people do not leave their family of orientation to start a family of their own. So you combine households. Family System Theory is you cannot be understood as a person if you don’t understand the role of the household that you came from. (Ex: is Cinderella, she has to take on a role as a servant when her parents die.) Everyone in the family has a role. Family wants stability, so when someone with a specific role leaves, this may cause adjustment. Birth Order is the idea that we can understand one another based on the order that they were born upon their siblings. Order of siblings determine family role. First Borns: Leader, responsible, need to manage, need control, low risk takers, wants to succeed.

Second Borns/Middle Borns: people “people”, need to belong, peace keepers. Need people to succeed. Onlies: quiet achievers, finishers, work well, want recognition, secretive. Aim to please, secretive, mostly themselves by setting bars high. Youngest: Idea people, impatient (get attention from everyone), fun, creative, happiest, enjoy life. If more than 5 years between siblings ages, the order effect is broken because they felt like the only child. Fraternal Birth Order Effect: The more-older brothers a man has, the greater chance that he has of being homosexual. (ONLY RIGHT-HANDED MEN) As a female gives birth to sons, she develops more immunity to be against male-specific. Mammals depend on parental care for survival early in life. Attachment Theory: the idea that early attachments with parents and other caregivers shape relationships for a person’s entire life. Anxious – Resistant Attachment: Children displays anxiety before they are separated and are upset when the mother leaves. Make show ambiv Homogamy: People tend to end up with partners who are similar to us. Having children makes you happier. You will be clinically depressed, and can change the quality of your marriage. Authoritayian – are demanding yet are not supportive. Obedient but not happy. Authoritative parents expect a lot but are supportive and affectionate. Positive parenting behavior. Cultural: a pattern of shared meaning and behavior among a group of people that is passed from one generation to another. Cultural Awareness: understanding the differences between yourself and people from other cultures. (diff attitudes) The ability and willingness to apply cultural awareness to practice uses. Intimate space goes to about 18 inches away from your face. Personal space which covers 2.5 to 4 feet. Social space goes from 4 to 12 feet. Public Space is 25 feet.

After 25 feet, you don’t pay attention. Kids vs Adults – kids get in personal space more. Men vs Women – women value personal space better. Brain Damage – you don’t care about personal space. (amygdala is triggered by fear) The further from the equator = more space and less touching is preferred....