Social Psychology - Exam 2 Practice PDF

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Psyc 145 - Social Psychology w/ Harrison
Exam 2 Practice...

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Exam 2 Practice Practice Exam #1 1. On the campus of the University of Minnesota, there are signs near large expanses of grass that read, “Lie on me, play on me, but please don’t walk on me.” These signs are more likely to protect the grass than signs that read “Stay off the grass!” because the Minnesota signs a. are likely to generate less psychological reactance b. contain a longer persuasive message c. contain an emotional appeal rather than a logical appeal d. contain a logical appeal rather than an emotional appeal 2. The Yale Attitude Change approach focused on a number of factors that influence the success of a persuasive message. Which of the following best exemplifies audience variables as one of those factors? a. attentive vs. inattentive listeners b. high quality vs. low quality arguments c. expert vs. novel speakers d. one sides vs. two sided messages 3. All of the following except _____ are examples of peripheral cues that might influence people taking the peripheral route to persuasion. a. length of a persuasive message b. strength of a persuasive argument c. credibility of the presenter of the message d. attractiveness of the speaker 4. “I like sex, but not enough to die for it,” says a young woman in an ad designed to persuade young people to use condoms if they are sexually active. Why might this approach be ineffective? If people are a. too frightened, they won’t think rationally about the issue b. in a bad mood when they see the ad, they won’t pay attention c. sexually active, the ad will be low in personal relevance d. not sexually active, the ad will put them in a bad mood 5. The _____ component of attitudes is to emotional reactions as the ____ component is to knowledge and beliefs. a. evaluative; behavioral b. affective; behavioral c. evaluative; cognitive d. affective; cognitive 6. A public service ad on television shows a young boy resisting the attempts of someone off-camera to persuade him to accept drugs. The boy resists each and every enticement (eg. “It’ll make you fly!” or “Come one, this one’s free!”). The camera then pans back, and the boy’s father hugs him and says, “Good job, son!” This ad illustrates the use of _____ to increase resistance to attitude change. a. psychological reactance b. priming

c. fear appeals d. attitude inoculation 7. Donald didn’t attend carefully to the substance of the persuasive communication, but instead paid attention to some irrelevant cues. He’s using the _____ route to persuasion. a. peripheral b. systematic c. central d. indirect 8. In a study referred to in the text (Peterson, Haynes, & Olson, 2008), smokers were asked to create an antismoking video to be shown to high school students, invoking dissonance in the smokers. Based on other research in this chapter, how were these smokers, who particularly felt like hypocrites, most likely to behave? a. They would feel a sudden urge to smoke b. They would increase intentions to quit smoking c. They would change the topic of conversation to something more comfortable d. They could use denial 9. Misaki feels terrible after just failing an exam in Spanish class. Now, in chemistry class, her lab partner just left the answers to the homework open on her desk while she steps into the hall to take a phone call. How is Misaki likely to behave? a. She’s likely to look at the answers and copy them down for herself b. She’s likely to look away from the answers and do her own work c. She’s likely to point out one of her partner’s math mistakes d. She’s likely to tell the instructor that the answers are available 10. Recall that in experiments presented in your text (Leippe & Eisenstadt, 1994; 1998) white college students agreed to write essays in favor of doubling funds for minority student scholarships, even though that policy would reduce funds available for majority students. What happened? Participants a. who were initially prejudiced did not change their attitudes, but non-prejudiced participants did b. convinced themselves that they supported the policy of expanding aid to minority students c. changed their attitudes about the policy, but not about minority students d. who were prejudiced refused to write the essays 11. Aronson and Mills (1959) performed an experiment in which college women were invited to join a discussion group about sex. In order to join the group, participants had to undergo either a severe initiation, a mild initiation, or no initiation. Which of the following best describes this study’s finding? Women who underwent _____ initiation enjoyed the discussion the _____. a. a mild; most b. a severe; most c. a severe; least d. no; most

12. A number of researchers have found that people from _____ cultures are less likely to engage in obvious attempts to reduce cognitive dissonance. a. industrialized b. independent c. primitive d. interdependent 13. Mills (1958) had elementary school children compete for attractive prizes. The children could cheat to win the prize, but they didn’t know that the experimenter would be assured of detecting the cheaters. Some children cheated, and others did not. The next day, a. none of the students endorsed cheating as acceptable b. those who had cheated earlier became more lenient in their attitudes about cheating c. those who didn’t cheat earlier became more lenient in their attitudes about cheating d. when they were offered a large inducement to cheat, most students cheated 14. Recall that Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) paid participants either $1 or $20 to tell another person that a boring, tedious task was really fun and interesting. The results of their experiment demonstrated that a. minimal external justification can lead to attitude change b. when people experience dissonance, they work to justify their effort c. the decision to engage in attitude-discrepant acts must be voluntary d. people often refuse to say in public what they privately believe 15. “Live fast and die young, that’s what I always say,” Rosie pronounces, as she stuffs down three more Ding-Dong snack cakes and opens another pint of high-fat ice cream. Rosie knows that her diet is unhealthy and harmful, of course. To reduce her dissonance, Rosie is a. changing her behavior to bring it in line with her cognitions b. changing a problem cognition to make it more consonant with her behavior c. adding a cognition that is consonant with her problem behavior d. engaging in self-affirmation to combat cognitive dissonance 16. Who is more likely to dehumanize the enemy in order to deal with cognitive dissonance they are experiencing? a. Erin, who had to fire warning shots during a training exercise b. Brady, who killed an enemy soldier in self-defense c. Victor, who threw a grenade into a market d. Hector, who is a sniper assigned to “eliminate” enemy soldiers 17. Based on MRI research on people who were experiencing and later resolved cognitive dissonance, what would you expect to happen to Mary, who just reduced her dissonant feelings about visiting the tanning salon by telling herself that she isn’t genetically predisposed to skin cancer, so it won’t affect her? a. she will next experience nervousness b. she will experience pleasant feelings c. she will be able to think critically about other things d. she will be unable to encode new memories for up to ten minutes

18. _____ refers to the dissonance aroused after we have chosen between two or more alternatives a. justification of effort b. postdecision dissonance c. insufficient justification d. decisional regret 19. Why does self-persuasion work better than being lectured by other people to behave in a certain way? a. Self-persuasion is based on implicit attitudes b. Self-persuasion takes place internally and involves convincing yourself of something c. Self-persuasion is automatic d. Self-persuasion is usually an effortful and conscious process that takes time 20. If you wanted to make use of the concept of insufficient punishment, how would you discipline your child when she’s misbehaving? Give the child a stern look and tell her a. that you will spank her hard the next time she performs the forbidden behavior b. nothing else if she stops the forbidden behavior c. that you will buy her a present if she stops the forbidden behavior d. that she only has one more chance to improve her behavior 21. Maria is on a limited budget, and can only afford one album. She really likes two in particular: Frank Sinatra’s “Greatest Hits” and the soundtrack from the musical “Wicked.” When she gets to listen to the Frank Sinatra album, she cannot imagine why she ever considered the “Wicked” album. This is because a. Maria has to justify buying an album, given her limited budget b. Frank Sinatra music reminds Maria of her childhood c. Maria was motivated to reduce her postdecision dissonance d. Maria wasn’t sure about the online store’s return policy 22. Carla has just written out a check for $18,999 to pay for her new car. Although the salesperson had initially accepted her check, she is now told that there was a mistake and that the final total should really be $19,250. Carla writes another check to cover the difference so that she can drive out with the new car. Carla has just fallen prey to a questionable sales practice called a. lowballing b. bait-and-switch c. the dissonance game d. keem ‘em guessing 23. People are unlikely to change their attitudes after saying something they don’t truly believe if there is _____ for the lie. a. insufficient justification b. external justification c. postdecision regret d. insufficient rationalization 24. A mother is trying to get her child to behave in the store and stop running around, yelling, and grabbing things off the shelves. According to cognitive dissonance theory, if she wants to stop the

child’s behavior immediately for the time being, she should use a _____, but if she wants to permanently change the behavior, she should use a _____. a. bribe; punishment b. small reward; large punishment c. large punishment; small punishment d. large punishment; large reward 25. According to dissonance theorists, what is the problem with severe punishment to control behaviors? Severe punishment a. leads to frustration. b. models inappropriate behavior that is then learned c. serves as an external justification for behavior change d. undermines extrinsic motivation 26. Based on the Ben Franklin effect, you are most likely to increase your liking for Tony when a. Tony lends you $10 b. you lend Tony $10 c. Tony returns to $10 you lent him d. Tony finds $10 27. After watching a couple of hours of TV together, Anna and her friends go out to dinner where she tries a new dish on the menu. It turns out, that during one of the shows on TV, Anna had been exposed to a commercial with a subliminal message about the restaurant’s new menu. How likely is it that Anna’s behavior by ordering the new dish is the result of exposure to a subliminal message? a. highly unlikely; subliminal messages in everyday life have no real effect b. highly likely; exposure to subliminal messages in a living room type environment are very effective c. somewhat likely; research has shown that subliminal messages are effective if the target is female d. somewhat likely; exposure to subliminal messages with a group of people is effective 28. It is estimated that one-third of the electorate knows almost nothing about specific politicians. Nonetheless, these people hold very strong opinions about them. This pattern of findings suggests that people’s attitudes toward politicians may be largely a. ambivalent b. affectively based c. behaviorally based d. cognitively based 29. People are most likely to form behaviorally based attitudes when the initial attitude is _____ and there are no _____ justifications for the behavior. a. weak or ambiguous; external b. weak or ambiguous; internal c. strong and clear; external d. strong and clear; internal 30. Which of the following slogans for an automobile would be more effective in Tokyo than in Chicago?

a. b. c. d.

“Drive to a Different Tune” “Comfort for Your Family” “A Sign That You’ve Made It” “They’ll Eat Your Dust”

31. The _____ model of persuasion asserts that attitudes may change because people attend to the merits of an argument, or because they use such cognitive shortcuts as “the faster a person talks, they more she knows about the issue.” a. elaboration likelihood b. Yale c. self-perception d. heuristic-systematic 32. In essence, normative social influence arises from humans’ fundamental a. selfishness, which must be kept in check b. need for companionship, affection, and acceptance c. need for accurate perceptions and beliefs about a confusing world d. desire to submit to knowledgeable authorities 33. Researchers have concluded that in general, _____ norms are more effective than _____ norms in producing desirable behaviors, such as reducing litter. a. descriptive; injunctive b. salient; subtle c. injunctive; descriptive d. subtle; salient 34. Wilson is part of a group and has a different opinion from the rest of the group. He can successfully influence the majority group through a. informational social influence b. normative social influence c. public compliance d. assertive verbal jousting 35. Marcia values the opinions and desires of both her parents and her close friends. When she’s with her parents, she finds herself agreeing with them. When she’s with her friends, she finds herself agreeing with them, even though they sometimes disagree with her parents. This change in Marcia’s behavior represents the influence of Bibb Latane’s (1981) concept of _____ on normative conformity. a. number b. immediacy c. pressure d. strength 36. The major downside risk of informational social influence is that the more _____ the situation is, the more we rely on others who are no more likely to be knowledgeable or accurate than we ourselves are, leading us each to adopt others’ mistakes and misinterpretations. a. clearly defined b. superficial

c. familiar d. ambiguous 37. Milgram found that about _____ percent of his participants went all the way to 450 volts in his original experiment. a. 25 b. 45 c. 65 d. 85 38. Khadija has conformed to others’ behaviors or attitudes because she believes that their interpretations of an ambiguous situation are more accurate than hers. _____ has occurred. a. educated conformity b. normative social influence c. unintended social influence d. informational social influence 39. Which of the following phenomena is most likely to result in private acceptance of an idea or behavior? a. normative social influence b. contagion c. informational social influence d. propaganda 40. The Asch line studies were conducted over fifty years ago, and society has changed quite a bit. A recent study involving fMRI and the line judgment task attempted to replicate some of Asch’s results. What were the results of this study? a. People today are more susceptible to conformity than people fifty years ago b. People today are less susceptible to conformity than people fifty years ago c. Results suggested that people no longer conform d. Results were very similar to those of Asch’s original studies 41. Solomon Asch (1951, 1956) conducted a series of studies in which participants were asked to estimate the lengths of lines that clearly differed in length. Participants then heard the other group members give correct estimations for some trials, and blatantly incorrect estimations for others. When confederates in the study gave an incorrect response, how did participants respond? a. They refused to provide an obviously incorrect answer b. They tried to correct the confederates’ mistakes and persuade them to make the correct choice c. They tended to conform on at least one of the trials d. They refused to answer, or “passed” their turn 42. An important feature of informational social influence is that it often leads to a. obedience b. private acceptance c. normative pressures d. public compliance

43. There have been great examples of social influence and terrible examples of social influence. As an example, what do the Heaven’s Gate followers and the “Freedom Riders” in the American civil rights movement have in common? They a. fell under the spell of strong, punitive, charismatic leaders b. were frustrated, and this frustration caused them to behave aggressively c. confronted extreme and confusing situations, and looked to others to decide how to behave d. lacked independence, and thus surrendered control to powerful others 44. Researchers (Bond & Smith, 1996) conducted a meta-analysis of 133 Asch line-judgment studies conducted in 17 countries. They found that conformity was higher in _____ because normative social influence _____. a. individualistic cultures; conformity prevents conflict b. collectivistic cultures; promotes harmony c. agricultural cultures; survival depends on cooperation d. industrialized cultures; norms are more widely shared 45. During a drought, Lynne noticed that all of her neighbors had stopped watering their lawns even though there were no laws against it. Lynne was following a(n) _____ norm when she let her lawn turn brown, too. a. descriptive b. proscriptive c. objective d. productive 46. Bob is from Michigan. He’s familiar with cultural norms that emphasize a. conformity b. cooperation c. individuality d. obedience to authority 47. You have been hired to help design a campaign to get people to conserve energy. Based on the research by Nolan and colleagues (2008), what is the most effective way to convince people to conserve? a. emphasize the money they would save b. explain the benefits to society c. explain that they are protecting the environment d. tell them that their neighbors are doing it 48. When is it important to provide a correct answer and the stakes are high, people are more likely to a. rely on informational social influence b. use their independent judgment c. think quietly to themselves, and not seek other peoples’ opinions d. want to decide alone 49. In a variation of his standard experiment, Solomon Asch (1957) found that when participants could write their responses on a piece of paper, conformity dropped dramatically. This finding indicates that participants exhibited ______, not _____, during the standard experiment.

a. b. c. d.

public compliance; private acceptance private acceptance; public compliance logical reasoning; mindless conformity mindless conformity; logical reasoning

50. In Burger’s (2009) modernized version of Miligram’s experiments on obedience, there are several modern “updates.” In what ways was Burger’s sample of participants different from Miligram’s? a. in include only college students b. it included children c. it was diverse in gender, age, and educational level d. in included Bantu tribespeople Practice Exam #2 51. You work for an advertising agency. You have been assigned to come up with an advertising campaign for a new brand of designer water, which in reality is standard city reservoir water in a fancy bottle. In this case, you are best off using the _____ route, because _____. a. central; you have strong arguments for why your product is superior b. central; your audience is going to be highly motivated c. peripheral; you do not have strong arguments for why your product is superior d. peripheral; your audience is going to be low in the need for cognition 52. “Don’t bother me with the so-called facts,” asserts your Uncle Joe. “If it’s good enough for Barack Obama, it’s good enough for me.” Which of the following statements about your Uncle Joe is most likely true? He will a. note inconsistencies in Obama’s arguments b. process Obama’s messages systematically c. continue to hold enduring attitudes toward Obama’s policies d. pay less attention to what Obama says, and more attention to how he says it 53. According to research by Han and Shavitt (1994), what are the cultural differences in the kinds of attitudes people hold about the same consumer product? a. People in Asian cultures are more receptive to ads for utilitarian products b. People in Asian cultures are less consumer-oriented than are people in the United States c. Ads that focus on individuality and self-improvement work better in Western cultures than in Asian cultures d. Ads that focus on emotions ...