Social Psychology Revision - Chapter 7 PDF

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Social Psychology - Chapter 7 - Key Definitions and Practice Questions...

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Social Psychology Chapter 7 biased sampling The tendency for groups to spend more time discussing shared information (information already known by all or most group members) than unshared information (information known by only one or a few group members). brainstorming A technique that attempts to increase the production of creative ideas by encouraging group members to speak freely without criticising their own or others' contributions. collective effort model The theory that individuals will exert effort on a collective task to the degree that they think their individual efforts will be important, relevant and meaningful for achieving outcomes that they value. deindividuation The loss of a person's sense of individuality and the reduction of normal constraints against deviant behaviour. distraction?conflict theory A theory that the presence of others will produce social facilitation effects only when those others distract from the task and create attentional conflict. escalation effect The condition in which commitments to a failing course of action are increased to justify investments already made. evaluation apprehension theory The theory that the presence of others will produce social facilitation effects only when those others are seen as potential evaluators. graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension-reduction (GRIT) A strategy for unilateral persistent efforts to establish trust and cooperation between opposing parties. group A set of individuals who interact over time and have shared fate, goals or identity. group cohesiveness The extent to which forces push group members closer together, such as through feelings of intimacy, unity and commitment to group goals. group polarisation The exaggeration of initial tendencies in the thinking of group members through group discussion. group support systems Specialised interactive computer programs that are used to guide group meetings, collaborative work and decision-making processes. groupthink A group decision-making style characterised by an excessive tendency among group members to seek concurrence. integrative agreement A negotiated resolution to a conflict in which all parties obtain outcomes that are superior to what they would have obtained from an equal division of the contested resources.

mere presence theory The proposition that the mere presence of others is sufficient to produce social facilitation effects. prisoner's dilemma A type of dilemma in which one party must make either cooperative or competitive moves in relation to another party. The dilemma is typically designed so that the competitive move appears to be in one's self-interest, but if both sides make this move, they both suffer more than if they had both cooperated. process gain The increase in group performance so that the group outperforms the individuals who comprise the group. process loss The reduction in group performance due to obstacles created by group processes, such as problems of coordination and motivation. resource dilemmas Social dilemmas involving how two or more people will share a limited resource. social dilemma A situation in which a selfinterested choice by everyone will create the worst outcome for everyone. social facilitation A process whereby the presence of others enhances performance on easy tasks but impairs performance on difficult tasks. social identity model of deindividuation effects (SIDE) A model of group behaviour that explains deindividuation effects as the result of a shift from personal identity to social identity. social loafing A group-produced reduction in individual output on tasks where contributions are pooled. transactive memory A shared system for remembering information that enables multiple people to remember information together more efficiently than they could do so alone.

Review Quiz 7 1.

A(n) _____ is a set of individuals who interact over time and have shared fate, goals, or identity. entitative group team collective

2.

_____ consider(s) forces that push group members close together. Group cohesiveness Roles Status Norms

3.

Social facilitation suggests that the presence of others _____. worsens performance facilitates the dominant response has very little impact on performance facilitates the task itself

4.

_____ suggests that the presence of others will produce social facilitation effects only when those others are seen as potential evaluators. Evaluation apprehension theory Distraction-conflict theory Group performance theory Mere presence theory

5.

_____ occurs when a person loses a sense of individuality thereby reducing constraints against deviant behavior. Social loafing Deindividuation Social facilitation The collective effort model

6.

_____ refers to the reduction of group productivity due to problems in the dynamics of a group. Process loss Process gain Social identity model of deindividuation effects An additive task

7.

Brainstorming is believed to _____. decrease creativity cause deindividuation minimise process gain increase creativity

8.

In group polarisation, group discussions tend to produce _____.

movement toward the average attitude exaggerations of the initial group leanings completely opposite views from earlier discussions movement toward caution

9.

All of the following factors may contribute to groupthink EXCEPT _____. highly cohesive groups groups with a weak leader groups lacking systematic procedures for decisions stressful situations

10. _____ occurs when commitments to a failing course of action are increased to justify investments already made. The escalation effect Information sharing Transactive memory Biased sampling

11.

Transactive memory is said to be _____. dysfunctional extreme personally unique shared

12. Group support systems, which are _____, tend to _____ communication barriers to groups. led by people; add computer programs; add computer programs; remove led by people; remove

13. When two or more people are determining how to share a limited resource, they are specifically facing a _____ dilemma. resource demand prisoner's social

14. The necessary first step in GRIT is _____. competition concession self-motivation appeasement

15.

In an integrative agreement, both parties obtain outcomes _____ a 50-50 split. less than exactly equal to

superior to nearly equal to

1

Of the following, which is not thought to be among the three main features of groups? a Norms b Cohesiveness c Rules d Roles

2

Which of the following might explain social facilitation? a Mere presence b Evaluation apprehension c Distraction conflict d All of the above

3

The three processes of arousal, responsibility and anonymity were proposed by Philip Zimbardo to explain which of the following? a Deindividuation b Polarisation c Groupthink d Escalation

4

When considering virtual teams, advice to have frequent teleconferences and occasionally meet up in person is designed to help what aspect of groups? a Distinctiveness b Process loss c Social facilitation d Social loafing

5

Which of the following best describes a failure to reach an integrative outcome in a negotiation? a Escalation b Groupthink c Fixed pie syndrome d Commons dilemma...