Social Test Bank 10 - Test Bank PDF

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CHAPTER 10: AGGRESSION AND ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOUR MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The defining characteristic of aggression is that the aggressor a. intends to injure another living being. b. actually causes physical or psychological harm. c. is angry or otherwise emotionally aroused during the aggressive act. d. derives enjoyment from the aggressive act. ANS: A

REF: What Is Aggression?

KEY: Factual

2. Which of the following best illustrates aggression? a. Felix and Oscar engage in a heated debate concerning the merits of the Big Mac versus the Whopper. b. Maude trips over the scooter her son absentmindedly left in the driveway. c. In his attempt to save Samantha from drowning, Darin breaks three of her ribs. d. Ginger kicks MaryAnn in the shins to keep her from eating the last coconut pie. ANS: D

REF: What Is Aggression?

KEY: Applied

3. A negative, antagonistic attitude toward another person or group is called a. emotional aggression. b. hostility. c. anger. d. instrumental aggression. ANS: B

REF: What Is Aggression?

KEY: Factual

4. Whitley feels intensely displeased that Lena deliberately left the tuna fish sandwich sitting out in the sun so that Whitley would get food poisoning after she ate it. Whitley’s emotional response would best be described as a. instrumental aggression. b. hostility. c. anger. d. displacement. ANS: C

REF: What Is Aggression?

KEY: Applied

5. The difference between aggression and violence is best described as one of a. extremity. b. intent. c. affect. d. hostility. ANS: A REF: What Is Aggression? KEY: Conceptual 6. Aggressive behaviour whereby harm is inflicted as a means to a desired end is known as a. proactive aggression. b. reactive aggression. c. emotional aggression. d. relational aggression. ANS: A

REF: What Is Aggression?

KEY: Factual

7. Proactive is the same as _____ aggression, while reactive is the same as _____ aggression. a. instrumental; emotional b. emotional; instrumental

c. relational; impersonal d. impersonal; relational ANS: A

REF: What Is Aggression?

KEY: Factual

8. Which of the following situations best illustrates instrumental aggression? a. When Buster finds out that his favourite television show has been pre-empted by the presidential debates, he kicks Gob, who just happens to be standing nearby. b. After getting fired from his job at the nuclear power plant, Homer pulls out his semiautomatic machine gun and shoots at the squirrels. c. Karen pinches Grace until Grace finally moves out of the way so that Karen can get to the liquor cabinet. d. Edith stabs Archie with a fork when she finds out that he forgot her birthday. ANS: C

REF: What Is Aggression?

KEY: Applied

9. When Katie found out that her brother Matt had pulled the heads off all of her Barbie dolls, she threw her Easy Bake oven at him. Katie’s behaviour illustrates a. instrumental aggression. b. proactive aggression. c. incompatible responses. d. reactive aggression. ANS: D

REF: What Is Aggression?

KEY: Applied

10. Robbing a bank because you need money is an example of a. proactive aggression. b. emotional aggression. c. institutional aggression. d. reactive aggression. ANS: A

REF: What Is Aggression?

KEY: Conceptual

11. Forbes and colleagues (2009) examined how levels of aggression differed in individualist versus collectivist cultures. They found that a. aggression levels were highest in the U.S., a highly individualist culture. b. aggression levels were highest in China, a highly collectivist culture. c. aggression levels were lowest in the U.S., a highly collectivist culture. d. both the U.S. and China had equally high levels of aggression. ANS: A KEY:

REF: Culture, Gender and Individual Differences Applied

12. United States citizens tend to be more likely than those of other nations to engage in a. politically motivated violence directed toward groups. b. mob violence at sporting events. c. violence against young girls. d. gun-related violence against individuals. ANS: D KEY:

REF: Culture, Gender and Individual Differences Factual

13. Group attacks against other groups are least likely to occur in a. the Middle East. b. Eastern Europe. c. Africa. d. the United States. ANS: D KEY:

REF: Culture, Gender and Individual Differences Factual

14. United States citizens tend to be more likely than those of other nations to disapprove of a. violence against young girls. b. gun violence. c. a husband slapping his wife. d. bullying. ANS: C KEY:

REF: Culture, Gender and Individual Differences Factual

15. According to your text, the fact that groping schoolgirls on the train in Japan is not uncommon illustrates that a. what is unacceptable aggression in relation to children differs across cultures. b. what is unacceptable aggression in relation to children is consistent across cultures. c. collectivist cultures are hyper sexualized. d. collectivist cultures are repressed sexually. ANS: A KEY:

REF: Culture, Gender and Individual Differences Conceptual

16. One form of violence that seems to be fairly consistent across cultures is a. violence against young girls. b. gun violence. c. domestic violence. d. bullying. ANS: D KEY:

REF: Culture, Gender and Individual Differences Factual

17. Craig and colleagues (2000) set up hidden cameras and microphones in a Canadian schoolyard and found that bullying in midsized schools occurred at a rate of _____ episodes per hour. a. 1 b. 4.5 c. 7.25 d. 10 ANS: B KEY:

REF: Culture, Gender and Individual Differences Factual

18. Based on Bonta’s (1997) research on nonviolent societies, a powerful way to reduce violence within a society would be to a. emphasise a strict division of labour by gender. b. promote cooperation. c. harshly punish all acts of aggression. d. separate subcultures within the society. ANS: B KEY:

REF: Culture, Gender and Individual Differences Conceptual

19. Which of the following would decrease the likelihood that Chris would behave aggressively? a. If Chris is a teenager b. If Chris is male c. If Chris is drunk d. None of these ANS: D KEY:

REF: Culture, Gender and Individual Differences Applied

20. A murder has been committed in the United States of America. Given the research on homicide, which of the following is most likely? a. The murderer was of a different race than the victim. b. The murder occurred in the eastern United States. c. The murderer was 35 years old. d. The murderer and victim were both African American. ANS: D KEY:

REF: Culture, Gender and Individual Differences Conceptual

21. Which of the following statements regarding human gender differences and aggression is false? a. In virtually every culture, males are more violent than females. b. Studies of 16-year-olds suggest that boys are more likely to show higher rates of aggression than girls. c. Males are more likely to engage in risky, self-destructive behaviour than females. d. Boys demonstrate more overt and relational forms of aggression than do girls. ANS: D KEY:

REF: Culture, Gender and Individual Differences Factual

22. Charice, a teenaged girl, is angry with her friend, so she tells all her other friends that this girl is a slut. Charice’s behaviour illustrates a. indirect aggression. b. hostile aggression. c. physical aggression. d. overt aggression. ANS: A KEY:

REF: Culture, Gender and Individual Differences Applied

23. Which of the following concerning gender differences in aggression is true? a. Men use more relational aggression than verbal aggression. b. Women use relational aggression more than men. c. When there is a clear provocation, men use much more overt aggression than women. d. Women use more verbal aggression than indirect aggression. ANS: B KEY:

REF: Culture, Gender and Individual Differences Conceptual

24. Compared to straight men, gay men are a. less likely to physically aggress, but equally likely to engage in indirect aggression. b. less likely to both physically and indirectly aggress. c. more likely to physically aggress, but less likely to engage in direct aggression. d. more likely to both physically and indirectly aggress. ANS: A KEY:

REF: Culture, Gender and Individual Differences Conceptual

25. Though women are more likely than men to aggress in an intimate relationship, men’s aggression in such relationships differs in that it typically a. emerges in the face of provocation. b. has more severe consequences. c. results from alcohol abuse. d. is sexual in nature. ANS: B KEY:

REF: Culture, Gender and Individual Differences Factual

26. Which of the following concerning violence in intimate relationships is false? a. Women are more likely than men to use violence in self-defence. b. Men are more likely than women to use violence to intimidate. c. Women are more likely than men to be killed in instances of domestic violence. d. Husband-to-wife violence is more common than wife-to-husband violence. ANS: D KEY:

REF: Culture, Gender and Individual Differences Conceptual

27. Which personality factor is most strongly associated with aggression? a. Being low in agreeableness b. Being low in conscientiousness c. Being high in neuroticism d. Being high in openness to experiences ANS: A KEY:

REF: Culture, Gender and Individual Differences Conceptual

28. Regarding self-esteem and aggression, which of the following is false? a. Narcissism is a good predictor of aggression. b. Low self-esteem is a good predictor of aggression. c. Narcissism is correlated with aggression in response to provocation. d. High self-esteem is predictive of aggression when combined with narcissism and provocation. ANS: B KEY:

REF: Culture, Gender and Individual Differences Conceptual

29. Bettina is extremely Type A. Research suggests that she will tend to a. be more aggressive than most people across situations. b. rely more on verbal versus physical aggression. c. be more aggressive than other people when provoked. d. exhibit more relational than overt forms of aggression. ANS: C KEY:

REF: Culture, Gender and Individual Differences Applied

30. What is the nature of the relationship between self-control and aggression? a. Clear and consistent negative correlation b. Ambiguous and inconsistent c. Clear and consistent positive correlation d. The relationship is mediated by self-esteem ANS: A KEY:

REF: Culture, Gender and Individual Differences Conceptual

31. According to Smith’s (2007) book about the evolutionary origins of human warfare, a. pacifists have a greater chance for reproductive success. b. pacifism is likely to become part of human nature. c. warriors have a greater chance for reproductive success. d. warriors are least likely to be accepted as part of the group ANS: C

REF: Origins of Aggression

KEY: Factual

32. The theory that emphasises genetic (rather than individual) survival is referred to as a. catharsis. b. evolutionary social psychology. c. reproductive success. d. instrumental aggression. ANS: B

REF: Origins of Aggression

KEY: Conceptual

33. Evolutionary accounts of aggression emphasise the a. role of aggression in securing food and land. b. contribution of genetics and hormones to aggressive behaviour. c. importance of intrapsychic conflict in aggressive behaviour. d. role of aggression in securing a mate. ANS: D

REF: Origins of Aggression

KEY: Conceptual

34. Which of the following is most consistent with evolutionary explanations of aggression? a. Children are more likely to be abused by their biological parents than by stepparents. b. Male-to-female violence is predominantly triggered by sexual jealousy. c. Male-to-male violence is triggered by a rise in testosterone. d. Different cultures demonstrate different levels of aggressiveness. ANS: B

REF: Origins of Aggression

KEY: Conceptual

35. According to an evolutionary perspective, males are competitive with each other because a. males are predisposed to sexual jealousy. b. females select high-status males for mating. c. aggression enhances the male’s confidence in the paternity of his offspring. d. All of these ANS: D

REF: Origins of Aggression

KEY: Conceptual

36. Women are more likely than men to use relational aggression because women a. lack direct access to wealth. b. have lower levels of testosterone. c. place more of a value on their own lives and therefore avoid risky behaviours. d. do not want to risk physically harming the father of their offspring. ANS: C

REF: Origins of Aggression

KEY: Conceptual

37. The finding that male-to-male violence occurs primarily in response to status challenges, but male-tofemale violence occurs primarily in response to sexual jealousy, supports the a. instinct view of aggression. b. evolutionary perspective on aggression. c. learning theory account of aggression. d. sociocultural perspective on aggression. ANS: B

REF: Origins of Aggression

KEY: Conceptual

38. Finnegan notices his wife talking to another man and flies into a jealous rage. According to the evolutionary perspective, Finnegan’s behaviour is designed to a. assert his social intelligence. b. increase his confidence in the paternity of his offspring. c. deflect the death instinct outward instead of inward. d. increase the level of serotonin in his brain. ANS: B

REF: Origins of Aggression

KEY: Applied

39. In a study about status (to successfully compete for mates), Vladas Griskevicius and colleagues (2009) found that a. women do not use aggression of any type to boost their status. b. men are more likely to boost their status through indirect aggression. c. women are more likely to boost their status through direct aggression. d. men are more likely to boost their status through direct aggression ANS: D

REF: Origins of Aggression

KEY: Conceptual

40. Which of the following research results would provide evidence that aggression is a heritable trait? a. Identical twins reared together are more similar in their levels of aggressiveness than identical twins reared apart. b. Adopted children are more similar in levels of aggressiveness to their adoptive parents than to their biological parents. c. Fraternal twins are more similar in levels of aggressiveness than non-twin siblings. d. Identical twins are more similar in levels of aggressiveness than fraternal twins. ANS: D

REF: Origins of Aggression

KEY: Conceptual

41. Twin research indicates that ______ is more heritable than _____. a. physical aggression; relational aggression b. instrumental aggression; emotional aggression c. verbal aggression; physical aggression d. None of these ANS: A

REF: Origins of Aggression

KEY: Factual

42. Angelina is interested in whether the teenager she is preparing to adopt is likely to be aggressive as an adult. Research suggests that she would be wise to consider whether he a. is a twin. b. was aggressive as an 8-year-old. c. has long fingers. d. was born in a nation with a warm climate. ANS: B

REF: Origins of Aggression

KEY: Applied

43. Research on testosterone and aggression indicates that a. it is surprising that women ever aggress given that they have no testosterone. b. their relationship is stronger among non-human animals than it is among humans. c. very little regarding aggressive behaviour is actually heritable. d. their relationship disappears when you examine samples of elderly adults. ANS: B

REF: Origins of Aggression

KEY: Factual

44. The strong positive correlation between testosterone levels and aggressive behaviour could reflect all of the following except a. testosterone and aggression are unrelated. b. testosterone increases aggression. c. aggression increases testosterone. d. stress may increase both aggression and testosterone. ANS: A

REF: Origins of Aggression

KEY: Conceptual

45. Research concerning the role of testosterone in aggression has demonstrated that a. acts of aggression may increase levels of testosterone. b. testosterone levels drop after successful aggressive episodes. c. the relationship between testosterone and aggression is stronger among fraternity members than college males who do not belong to fraternities. d. individuals with low testosterone levels tend to smile less. ANS: A

REF: Origins of Aggression

KEY: Factual

46. Several studies have found that finger length ratio is associated with higher levels of _______ aggression in ______ and ________ aggression in _______. a. direct; men; indirect; women b. indirect; men; direct; women c. positive; men; negative; women d. negative; women; positive; men ANS: A

REF: Origins of Aggression

KEY: Factual

47. Research on aggression with transsexual participants a. indicates that gender differences in aggressive tendencies have been greatly exaggerated by previous researchers. b. conclusively identifies a link between biology and aggression. c. provides a rare means of ethically studying the causal effects of testosterone on human aggression. d. All of these ANS: C

REF: Origins of Aggression

KEY: Factual

48. Drugs that_____ the level of serotonin tend to _____ aggression levels. a. boost; lower b. boost; increase c. boost; not affect d. decrease; raise ANS: A

REF: Origins of Aggression

KEY: Conceptual

49. According to research on the role of the brain and executive function in predicting aggressive tendencies, when very aggressive teenagers witnessed a situation in which someone intentionally inflicted pain on another person, they exhibited brain activity associated with a. being part of a group. b. empathy. c. experiencing rewards. d. None of these ANS: C

REF: Origins of Aggression

KEY: Factual

50. When aggression stops an undesired outcome or prevents it altogether, the aggressive behaviour will increase in the future through the process of a. positive reinforcement. b. negative reinforcement. c. positive punishment. d. negative punishment. ANS: B

REF: Origins of Aggression

KEY: Conceptual

51. Chris is a playground bully. He finds that he can win the admiration of his peers by acting aggressively. Chris’s aggressive behaviour is encouraged by a. positive reinforcement. b. negative reinforcement. c. positive punishment. d. negative punishment. ANS: A

REF: Origins of Aggression

KEY: Applied

52. The only way that Britney can get her husband to stop leaving his dirty socks on the kitchen table is to pinch him every time he does it. Britney’s aggressive behaviour is maintained through a. positive reinforcement. b. negative reinforcement. c. positive punishment. d. negative punishment. ANS: B

REF: Origins of Aggression

KEY: Applied

53. Consider a mother who slaps her son whenever he engages in aggression. If negative reinforcement is responsible for her behaviour, what likely happens after she slaps him? a. He ignores her b. He slaps her back c. He behaves more aggressively d. He behaves less aggressively ANS: D

REF: Origins of Aggression

KEY: Applied

54. Each of the following people behaved aggressively, an...