Social Test Bank 5 - Test Bank PDF

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CHAPTER 3: PERCEIVING PERSONS MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. All of the following could be categorised as sources of ‘raw data’ for social perception except a. a person’s physical appearance. b. knowledge of what situation a person is in. c. a person’s behaviour. d. accounts given by others about a person. ANS: D

REF: Introductory Section KEY:

Conceptual

2. The study of social perception addresses all of the following except a. how people explain the behaviour of others. b. how people form impressions of others. c. the strategies people use to create a positive self-image. d. the way that expectations can distort reality. ANS: C

REF: Introductory Section KEY:

Factual

3. Fritz is a social psychologist who specialises in studying the processes of social perception. Given this interest, Fritz is least likely to specialise in which of the following research questions? a. How do employers infer traits and abilities about job candidates based on observing their behaviour in a job interview? b. How do police officers and customs agents make judgments concerning how truthful or deceptive particular individuals are? c. How are consumers influenced in their choices by the packaging and positioning of different products? d. How does the performance of athletes vary as a function of their coach’s expectations about their ability and potential? ANS: C

REF: Introductory Section KEY:

Applied

4. As social perceivers, people’s impressions of others are a. formed only after knowing the person for a considerable period of time. b. uninfluenced by superficial attributes of a person. c. formed at first encounter and completely unchangeable. d. influenced by the physical appearance of a person. ANS: D

REF: Observation: The Elements of Social Perception

KEY:

Conceptual

5. Willis and Todorov (2006) showed college students photos of strangers’ faces and found which of the following? a. Participants were unable to rate the personality of the individuals in the photos when they only saw the faces for less than one second. b. Even when they saw the photos for less than one second, participants’ ratings of the faces were highly correlated with the ratings made by others who were allowed to look at the faces for as long as they wanted to. c. Participants who only saw the faces for less than one second rated the faces as possessing more negative traits than others who were allowed to look at the faces for as long as they wanted to. d. The longer it took participants to rate each face, the more accurate their ratings were. ANS: B

REF: Observation: The Elements of Social Perception

KEY:

Factual

6. Sam Gosling (2008) found that social perceivers often form impressions of people based on all of the following except a. objects found in their offices. b. the pitch of their voices. c. their Facebook pages. d. their height. ANS: D

REF: Observation: The Elements of Social Perception

KEY:

Factual

7. Hassin and Trope’s (2000) study of physiognomy found that participants assigned traits to others based on their a. hair style. b. facial features. c. perceived age. d. perceived race. ANS: B

REF: Observation: The Elements of Social Perception

KEY:

Factual

8. Todd, considered to have a baby face, and Martin, viewed as having more mature features, are both being interviewed for the same position in a bank. Which of the following is the most probable outcome? a. Because of his more mature features, Martin will be recommended for the position. b. Todd will be recommended for the position because baby-faced individuals are perceived as more honest. c. Todd will be recommended for the position because baby-faced individuals are judged as more qualified for employment than mature-faced individuals. d. Their facial features will not impact the hiring decision, and the more qualified candidate will get the job. ANS: A

REF: Observation: The Elements of Social Perception

KEY:

Applied

9. Based on the research of Todorov and colleagues (2008), which facial expression will be perceived as most trustworthy? a. U-shaped mouth with raised eyebrows b. U-shaped mouth with eyebrows forming a V c. Mouth curled down with raised eyebrows d. Mouth curled down with eyebrows forming a V ANS: A

REF: Observation: The Elements of Social Perception

KEY:

Factual

10. Scripts are often culture-specific. This means that a. there is a great deal of agreement about the order of events across cultures. b. the more experience one has with a particular behaviour, the more successfully one can execute the relevant script. c. the more general the script is, the greater cross-cultural consistency it has. d. the same behaviours may be perceived very differently in different cultures. ANS: D

REF: Observation: The Elements of Social Perception

KEY:

Conceptual

11. Research on perception of complex action, such as athletic activity, indicates that compared to people who break the event up into gross units, those who break the event up into fine units tend to a. remember more details about the event. b. lose sight of the big-picture outcome of the event. c. rely more on the expectations of others in evaluating the event. d. enjoy their observation of the event more. ANS: A

REF: Observation: The Elements of Social Perception

KEY:

Conceptual

12. Andrew tends to view the behaviour of others in gross units, whereas Angela tends to break others’ behaviour down into fine units. Andrew is more likely than Angela to a. pay more attention to the behaviour. b. detect more meaningful actions. c. remember fewer details about the behaviour. d. form a more positive impression of an actor. ANS: C REF: Observation: The Elements of Social Perception KEY: Conceptual 13. The process by which people attribute humanlike mental states to various animate and inanimate objects is called a. belief perseverance. b. social perception. c. nonverbal behaviour. d. mind perception. ANS: D

REF: Observation: The Elements of Social Perception

KEY:

Factual

14. Which of the following is true of mind perception? a. It only occurs to perception of humans. b. It occurs for perception of inanimate objects only. c. The more humanlike the target object, the more likely we are to attribute to it qualities of mind. d. The less humanlike the target object, the more likely we are to attribute to it qualities of mind. ANS: C

REF: Observation: The Elements of Social Perception

KEY:

Conceptual

15. Research by Gray and colleagues (2007) has indicated two dimensions on which people ‘perceive minds.’ These dimensions are referred to as a. depth and breadth. b. morality and rationality. c. agency and experience. d. contextual and focal. ANS: C

REF: Observation: The Elements of Social Perception

KEY:

Conceptual

KEY:

Factual

16. Behaviour that communicates a person’s feelings without words is called a. scripted behaviour. b. fine-unit behaviour. c. perceptually salient behaviour. d. nonverbal behaviour. ANS: D

REF: Observation: The Elements of Social Perception

17. While travelling around the world, Teun shows various people pictures of men and women from his hometown who are smiling and frowning, and he asks these people to infer what emotions the individuals in the pictures are experiencing. According to the research on perceptions of primary emotions, Teun should find that a. perceptions of the emotions vary widely as a function of the people’s culture. b. perceptions of the emotions are relatively consistent across most cultures. c. little can be inferred about the emotions unless the behaviours of the individuals in the pictures are also described. d. little is inferred about the emotions unless the situational contexts of the individuals in the pictures are also described. ANS: B

REF: Observation: The Elements of Social Perception

KEY:

Applied

KEY:

Factual

18. All of the following are considered ‘primary’ emotions except a. sadness. b. fear. c. anger. d. embarrassment. ANS: D

REF: Observation: The Elements of Social Perception

19. Cross-cultural research on perception of emotion, such as that conducted by Elfenbein and Ambady (2003), indicates that a. people are uniformly good at perceiving the emotional states of others based on nonverbal cues, regardless of whether perceivers and targets are from the same culture. b. people are fairly successful at perceiving the emotional states of individuals from other cultures, but we are better at judging emotions of individuals from our own culture. c. people are actually better at perceiving the emotional states of individuals from other cultures because they are not distracted by language use and other verbal cues. d. language comprehension plays a central role in the evaluation of emotion.

ANS: B

REF: Observation: The Elements of Social Perception

KEY:

Conceptual

20. Which of the following research findings is most consistent with Darwin’s hypothesis that the ability to interpret emotion from facial expressions has survival value? a. People are quicker to recognise angry faces than happy faces. b. People are better able to interpret emotions from video than still pictures. c. People are able to identify six primary emotions. d. People sometimes infer emotions from situations rather than facial expressions. ANS: A

REF: Observation: The Elements of Social Perception

KEY:

Conceptual

21. The ‘anger superiority effect’ in social perception refers to the finding that a. people are quicker to look away from an angry face in a crowd than a neutral face. b. people are quicker to look away from an angry face in a crowd than a happy face. c. people are quicker to spot an angry face in a crowd than a neutral or happy face. d. cross-cultural differences in the perception of angry faces are greater than they are for faces with other emotions. ANS: C REF: Observation: The Elements of Social Perception KEY: Conceptual 22. Which part of the brain is activated when we sniff a disgusting odour as well as when we watch others sniffing the disgusting odour? a. Amygdala b. Insula c. Hippocampus d. Hypothalamus ANS: B

REF: Observation: The Elements of Social Perception

KEY:

Factual

23. What is the adaptive significance of being able to identify the emotion of disgust in others? a. It motivates us to draw near to the target and promotes affiliation. b. It helps us to avoid food poisoning. c. It keeps us from experiencing rejection, which is damaging to the immune system. d. It helps us to identify food sources. ANS: B

REF: Observation: The Elements of Social Perception

KEY:

Conceptual

24. What do psychologists mean when they describe a judgment of another person as based on ‘thin slices’? a. The judgment was thoroughly researched. b. The judgment was based on a very limited behaviour sample. c. The judgment is probably inaccurate. d. The judgment was based on a very rich behaviour sample. ANS: B

REF: Observation: The Elements of Social Perception

KEY:

Conceptual

25. The importance of nonverbal behaviour when it comes to social perception can be seen by the fact that email messages a. are often misinterpreted, especially when the writer is trying to be funny or sarcastic. b. have a stronger emotional impact on those who read them than do voicemail messages. c. are typically longer than text messages. d. are the preferred means of communication among younger but not older people. ANS: A

REF: Observation: The Elements of Social Perception

KEY:

Applied

26. Jerry makes frequent eye contact with the person to whom he is talking. This is most likely to elicit a. an impression that Jerry is domineering and likes power.

b. an impression that Jerry is insecure and needy. c. a positive impression if the person to whom Jerry is talking is a friend, and a negative impression if this person is an enemy. d. a positive impression if the person to whom Jerry is talking is a woman, and a negative impression if this person is a man. ANS: C

REF: Observation: The Elements of Social Perception

KEY:

Applied

KEY:

Conceptual

27. A target’s ‘gaze disengagement’ tends to lead perceivers to a. believe that a target is overly confident. b. rate a target as more physically attractive. c. have difficulty forming an accurate impression of a target. d. form a negative impression of a target. ANS: D

REF: Observation: The Elements of Social Perception

28. Which of the following has been demonstrated by Henley’s (1977) research on touching? a. Women initiate more touching than men. b. Men initiate more touching than women. c. Women initiate more touching than men early in a relationship, but this difference decreases later in the relationship. d. Lower-status individuals initiate more touching than do higher-status individuals. ANS: B

REF: Observation: The Elements of Social Perception

KEY:

Factual

29. Research conducted by Hall and colleagues (2005) suggests that we tend to believe that dominant people touch others more than do subordinate people, and behavioural data indicate that a. this expectation is accurate. b. this expectation leads us to be hesitant to make physical contact during interactions. c. this expectation is not accurate. d. this expectation is only accurate regarding male targets, and not for female targets. ANS: C

REF: Observation: The Elements of Social Perception

KEY:

Conceptual

30. Cross-cultural differences in the perception of nonverbal behaviour are least prevalent in which of the following types of judgments? a. Evaluations of emotions and facial features b. Interpretations of head-nodding and hand signals c. Preference for personal space d. Inferences drawn regarding eye contact ANS: A

REF: Observation: The Elements of Social Perception

KEY:

Conceptual

31. One of the reasons that we are not very successful at detecting deception is because a. we focus too much attention on nonverbal cues and not enough on verbal cues. b. we fail to attend to the nonverbal cues that actually signal deception. c. we are motivated to believe that others are telling the truth. d. detecting deception is an evolutionary adaptive strategy. ANS: B

REF: Observation: The Elements of Social Perception

KEY:

Factual

32. Deception is most likely to be detected by attending to which channel of communication? a. Spoken words b. Body posture c. Voice pitch d. Facial expression ANS: C

REF: Observation: The Elements of Social Perception

KEY:

Conceptual

33. Which of the following is supported by research on deception? a. People are more accurate at detecting deception if they focus on facial expressions rather than voice cues. b. Police officers and FBI agents are better at detecting deception than most other people. c. People tend to have an accurate sense of their lie-detecting abilities. d. People are more accurate at detecting deception if they focus on body movements rather than facial expressions. ANS: D

REF: Observation: The Elements of Social Perception

KEY:

Conceptual

34. Bella is a teacher who suspects that a student is trying to deceive her. Under which of the following conditions does Bella have the best chance of being accurate in her attempts to detect whether or not the student is lying? a. Bella reads a written transcript of the student’s story. b. Bella sees a silent video of the student’s face as the student tells the story. c. Bella reads a written transcript of the student’s story and sees a silent video of the student’s face as the student tells the story. d. Bella asks the student to recount her story in reverse chronological order. ANS: D

REF: Observation: The Elements of Social Perception

KEY:

Applied

35. A group of theories that describe how people explain the causes of behaviour is known as a. attribution theory. b. correspondent inference theory. c. information integration theory. d. the just-world model. ANS: A

REF: Attribution: From Elements to Dispositions

KEY:

Factual

36. Charice’s boyfriend is late for their date. Charice believes this is because he is thoughtless and selfcentred. Charice is making a(n) a. personal attribution. b. situational attribution. c. external attribution. d. counterfactual attribution. ANS: A

REF: Attribution: From Elements to Dispositions

KEY:

Applied

37. Colin and Erin are waiting to meet with their caterer so that they can discuss the menu for their wedding. The caterer is 30 minutes late and still hasn’t arrived. Colin suggests that the caterer is probably delayed because of traffic. Erin suggests that the caterer is probably disorganised and unreliable. Colin is making a(n) _____attribution, whereas Erin is making a(n) _____ attribution. a. dispositional; situational b. situational; personal c. expected; unexpected d. correspondent; dispositional ANS: B

REF: Attribution: From Elements to Dispositions

KEY:

Applied

38. Jorge watches his friend Nina interacting with others and makes a situational attribution for her behaviour. Jorge believes that a. Nina’s behaviour is best explained by the circumstances surrounding the encounter. b. Nina’s way of relating to people stems from particular characteristics of her personality. c. Nina is not acting the way other people would act in the same situation. d. Nina’s actions are not consistent with the social norms governing that particular situation. ANS: A

REF: Attribution: From Elements to Dispositions

KEY:

Applied

39. Lindy is trying to decide whether or not Marisa’s behaviour is dispositional. If Lindy relies on correspondent inference theory, she would consider all of the following factors except a. whether Marisa freely chose the behaviour. b. whether Marisa knew she was being observed during the behaviour. c. if Marisa’s behaviour was expected given the situation. d. the intended consequences of Marisa’s behaviour. ANS: B

REF: Attribution: From Elements to Dispositions

KEY:

Applied

40. According to correspondent inference theory, in which of the following situations would a personal attribution be most appropriate? a. Serena, a professor, helps students during her office hours. b. Sally, a naval officer, salutes when her commanding officer enters the room. c. Sam, a wealthy athlete, is ordered by the court to attend a drug rehabilitation program. d. Steve, a world-renowned playboy, joins a monastery and takes a vow of celibacy. ANS: D

REF: Attribution: From Elements to Dispositions

KEY:

Applied

41. In Jones and Davis’s correspondent inference theory, observers trying to infer whether a particular behaviour corresponds to an enduring personal characteristic of the actor would ask all of the following questions except, a. ‘Did the behaviour violate any social norms?’ b. ‘What were the consequences of the behaviour?’ c. ‘Wh...