SPAA 344 Introduction to Aural Rehabilitation -- Chapter 1 Powerpoint Notes PDF

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Notes off of PowerPoint for chapter one. This is for the introduction to the oral rehabilitation section. These notes are part of the first test. Graphics are included with the descriptions underneath. It is a good resource to review!...

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Introduction to Aural Rehabilitation SPAA 344 Overview What is communication What is Communication? Exchange of information between two entities or groups through a common system of symbol Why do We Communicate? • Share thoughts and feelings • Express identity • Build and cultivate relationships • Pass on traditions • Teach and learn • Conduct business and daily activities • To advance society • To be happy  FOR SURVIVAL! Human Communication System

What is aural rehabilitation What is Aural Rehabilitation • Aural rehabilitation: efforts designed to restore a lost state or function due to hearing loss to achieve better communication and minimize the resulting difficulties – Aural = related to ears – Rehabilitation = process of restoring to former or “normal” function • Aural habilitation? - Hearing loss at birth; never there to begin with Other Terms for Aural Rehabilitation • “If you were given the opportunity to give the service that we have traditionally called ‘aural rehabilitation’ a new name, what would you call it?”

Goals of Aural Rehabilitation Is aural rehabilitation about “fixing” the hearing problem? Goals of aural rehabilitation Alleviate the difficulties related to hearing loss Minimize its consequences Enhance the activities and participation of the person

Implementing rehabilitation programs to address specific challenges Help the person accept residual problems associated with hearing loss Improve quality of life World Health Organization (WHO) Terms International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) model

WHO-ICF model: Example

Historical background of aural rehabilitation and audiology • Aristotle(355B.C.):

– “Those who are born deaf all become senseless and incapable of reason. Men who are born deaf are in all cases dumb; that is to say, they can make vocal noises, but they cannot speak” (Giangreco, 1976, p.72) – Misinterpretation of statement • 16th Century: – Prominent individuals began to challenge Aristotle’s opinions – Giralamo Cardano, 1501-1576 [Italy]: People who are deaf were capable of reason Hull, R. H. (Ed.). (2019). Introduction to Aural Rehabilitation: Serving Children and Adults with Hearing Loss. Plural Publishing. Historical Background of Aural Rehabilitation • 17th Century: – Time of development of educational philosophy, intellectual growth, scientific thought – John Wallis (1617-1703) vs. William Holder (1616-1698) • Quarreled about the best method for teaching deaf people • 18th Century: – Great growth – Jacob Pereira (1715-1780) [France]: first teacher of the deaf in France 19th Century: – Better understanding of hearing loss and the education of people who are deaf – The Braidwoods and the Watsons [England]: the schools for the deaf in England – 1817: The American Asylum (later: American School for the Deaf)

-Was begun by Thomas Gallaudet (1781-1851), the father of deaf education in the US -First school for the deaf; manual approach – 1856: Gallaudet College in Washington, D.C. o Only liberal arts college in the world for the deaf – 1867: Clark School for the Deaf o First oral school in the US Hull, R. H. (Ed.). (2019). Introduction to Aural Rehabilitation: Serving Children and Adults with Hearing Loss. Plural Publishing. 19th Century (cont.): – Manual method in USA until mid 1800’s – Alexander Graham Bell (1860) [USA]  Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing  Bell Telephone Laboratories Early 20th Century: – Schools of lipreading 1900 to 1920s: The effect of WWI – 1922: First commercially available audiometer – 1925: American Academy of Speech Correction (predecessor of ASHA) 1930s to 1940s: WWII, began of audiology – 1942: The term of audiology was first described, with growing importance after WWII

– 1947: first US university course for audiologists at Northwestern University – 1947: American Speech and Hearing Association 1950s to 1960s: – 1952: ASHA started its credentialing system – 1954: Vocational Rehabilitation Act Amendments (Public Law 565, 83rd Congress) – 1969: Florida became the first state with licensure law – Focus on instrumentation and diagnosis 1970s to 1980s: – 1975: PL 94-142 (Education of All Handicapped Children Act) – 1978: American Speech-Language-Hearing Association – 1988: American Academy of Audiology – Focus on identification and AR programs Historical Background of Audiology 1990s and after: – 1990: Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) – 1990: ASHA established “Scope of Practice for Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology” - 1993: Universal Newborn Screening: Early identification of hearing loss! – 1997: ASHA had a separate cope of practice in audiology – 2006: Master’s of audiology is no longer available; Au.D. became the entry-level Prevalence of hearing loss

Prevalence vs. Incidence • Hearing loss is the 3rd most common chronic physical condition in the US (CDC) – Hypertension and arthritis are the only two above • 14-48million people in the US have hearing loss - 1 ear vs 2 ears; stats can change

Incidence is the number of new cases at the specific number of time – 500 new cases a day Prevalence refers to the proportion of individual with a specific disorder at a specific time – statistical number Prevalence of Hearing Loss: in the US • Children – 1.7 per 1000 babies who received newborn hearing screening had hearing loss (CDC, 2016) – 15.2% among US children and adolescents between ages 12 and 19 in the 20092010 period (Su et al., JAMA, 2017) • Adults – 14% among adults aged 20-69 in the 2011-2012 period (Hoffman et al., JAMA, 2014) – 33% adults between ages 65-74 and around 50% of those 75+ have hearing loss (Hearing Health Foundation, n.d.) - 2030 is a big comparison date for statistical data -- baby boomers

Prevalence of Hearing Loss: Adults in the US Self-reported hearing loss: From 2014 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) Percentage of adults who had self-reported trouble hearing without a hearing aid Degree of hearing loss: From 2014 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) Degree of self-reported hearing loss among men and women who had any trouble hearing without a hearing aid Prevalence of Hearing Loss: Adults in the US Hearing aid or hearing assistive technology usage: From 2014 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) Adults who had ever used a hearing aid or hearing assistive technology to communicate (among those who had any trouble hearing without a hearing aid) Prevalence of Hearing Loss: in the US 2014 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) Prevalence of Hearing Loss: Global Addressing the rising prevalence of hearing loss (WHO, 2018) Aural rehabilitation components and model

Aural Rehabilitation Model Diagnosis- Severity, degree Provision- hearing aids, cochlear implants, tv ears Auditory training- don’t try to talk when in another room, ask to repeat Speechreading training- reading the lips, watching the lips, auditory and speech Counseling- improve speech perception, psychosocial support (hearing loss can have an impact), missing out Hearing protection- ear muffs for cutting grass, indy 500, ear plugs Tinnitus management- ringing in the ear, information and counseling, frequency in hearing aids SLP therapy- typically for SLPs, AUD needs some knowledge • Refer to Table 1.4 (Schow & Nerbonne, 2018) • Two major components – Assessment (CORE): what is going on? – Management (CARE): what to do to help?

Communication status: Case history, main complaints, interview portion prior to testing, impact of life, ask about speech and language development, prior use of hearing aids Overall participation variables: retired-- part time job, attend church; a lot of social activities like dinners Related personal factors: age of patient, race, temper, gender, expectations Environmental factors: work environment, disabilities, translator

Counseling/ Psychosocial: how to understand the hearing loss, how the hearing loss is in their story, can help set goals Ability and Amplification: hearing aids, how to use hearing aids such as charging Remediate Communication Activities: modifications, understand speech noise, speechreading Environmental: improve acoustic environment, minimize noise, educational, pre/post assessments etc. Who provides aural rehabilitation? • Overall coordinator who assumes major AR role – Audiologist – SLP

– A teacher for children who are deaf and hard of hearing • Multidisciplinary Team – Educators – Psychologists – Social workers – Rehabilitation counselors – Others as needed

The Roles of Audiologists and SLPs Audiologists – Evaluate hearing sensitivity and speech recognition abilities – Amplification – Provide auditory and speechreading training – Consultation to patients, parents, teachers, and other professionals

SLPs

– Evaluation of speech & language performance – Discuss normal development of speech & language – Provide speech & language therapy – Provide auditory and speechreading training – Consultation to patients, parents, teachers, and other professionals Educational Needs of AR Professionals Major professional associations – American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) – American Academy of Audiology (AAA) – Academy of Rehabilitative Audiology (ARA) Credentials Audiologists • Au.D., Ph.D., or EdD in audiology • ASHA CCC-A • State licensure Speech-Language Pathologists • Master’s degree • ASHA CCC-SLP • State licensure Where is Aural Rehabilitation Provided?...