SPC Final exam w/t Answers PDF

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Final Exam
1. List 4 methods of delivery. What are the positives and negatives of each method? Which method are you using in class? Which do you like best?
2. Discuss the following terms: Ethos, Logos, Pathos and (Cognitive) Dissonance and their importance in Persuasion.
3. What is...

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Final Exam 1. List 4 methods of delivery. What are the positives and negatives of each method? Which method are you using in class? Which do you like best? The four main methods of delivery are impromptu, extemporaneous, manuscript, and memorized. Impromptu speaking is encouraged for informal speeches that require little or no preparations. Delivering an impromptu speeches are beneficial and brief, by causing the speaker to utilize that parts of the brain dealing with memory. The spontaneity allows the speaker to deliver their points in shortened brief moments. However there are adverse opinions which state that impromptu speeches cause excess rambling, and it is easy to lose the audience’s attention. The spontaneity of this delivery method can often time cause speakers newly antiquated with public speaking to lose track of their points, and increase the stress of speaking altogether. Additionally there is the manuscript delivery which is a word for word delivery of a written message. The advantage to a manuscript delivery is repetition of a main over all message in throughout you points. This educates your audience ensuring that they remember the purpose of your speech. Unfortunately a manuscript delivery often entail the presenter reading word for word from a script. This can cause a lack of eye contact and tone inflection, thus causing a decline in audience engagement. The next types of deliveries are extemporaneous and memorized. The purpose of extemporaneous speaking is to present you argument in a more conversational manner while using brief notes. Memorized deliveries do not utilize notes normally, but in fact are reliant on the speaker to commit pre-written content to memory. The benefits of both memorization and extemporaneous are that the speaker takes on a role of personalizing their speeches, and allows more engagement with the audience. Both allow for more mobility during a presentation, and eye contact. The disadvantages though are the preparations that are needed for each type of delivery. Memorization requires preparations, and is a speaker should lose their place the audience’s engagement will begin to rapidly decline. For extemporaneous deliveries, preparation, and credibility are often seen as both advantages and disadvantages through the time and dedication needed previous to presenting. With that being said I feel that those two methods of delivery are the ones I utilize the most in class. I feel that the credibility and preparations for extemporaneous speaking ensures my arguments are founded on facts not opinions and allots for a more powerful audience engagement. Most of our major speeches in this classes used the extemporaneous delivery. Work Cited: Libretexts. “11.2: Methods of Speech Delivery.” Social Sci LibreTexts, Libretexts, 8 Sept. 2019, socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Communication/Book:_Exploring_Public_Speaking_(Barton _and_Tucker)/11:_Delivery/11.02:_Methods_of_Speech_Delivery.

2. Discuss the following terms: Ethos, Logos, Pathos and (Cognitive) Dissonance and their importance in Persuasion. The great Aristotle discovered a key elements that are utilized in modern persuasive speeches as a means of creating a more convincing argument. Ethos, Logos, Pathos,

and Dissonance. The term ethos focuses on the structure of the language in the presenter’s argument. Thus allowing presenters to utilize appropriate vocabulary and tone for the given topic, while remaining unbiased. Ethos roughly translates in to the words “character” and “ethics. Pathos correlates with human emotion. Presenters use pathos to provoke emotion, typically the goal is gain the audience’s empathy during the speech. The term pathos in Greek uniquely translates to both “experience” and “suffering”. Typically a presenter will use a variation of tones, inflections, language construction, and other verbal techniques when in a pathos mode. Logo’s is recognized for its Latin root of the term “logic”. Utilizing a logos delivery method speakers display factual evidence conducted to further their arguments, while appearing unbiased. Lastly there is the cognitive dissonance method. This particular method challenges the audience’s beliefs by presenting to opposing thoughts. Most often this motivator is used to change the general belief or justify an unpopular view of an audience. It is one of the most powerful methods since it can be personalized toward the audience. Cognitive Dissonance can strengthen an argument by presenting a series of analogies that personally resonates with the audience. For instance let’s assume smoking cigarettes relieves anxiety, but is also lead to lung cancer and many smokers acknowledge the consequences. Ethos strengths an argument by causing the audience to review the ethics of a situation. Pathos argument supports are often narratives of real time events that provoke emotional responses thus personalizing an argument for an audience and increase the engagement. Logo relies on facts, which arguably strengthens an argument by laying out a clear and logical support allowing the audience to believe they are drawing their own conclusions from the evidence. Work Cited: “Real-Life Examples of Cognitive Dissonance: Everyday Health.” EverydayHealth.com, 28 Feb. 2018, www.everydayhealth.com/neurology/cognitive-dissonance/real-life-examples-how-wereact/. User, Super. “Ethos, Pathos, and Logos Definition and Examples.” Home - Ethos, Pathos, and Logos, the Modes of Persuasion ‒ Explanaton and Examples , pathosethoslogos.com/.

3. What is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs? Discuss its usage in commercials, political speeches and other persuasive messages. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a construct that is built around the five basic messages that fulfills an audience’s desire. Most marketing industries have based many of their campaigns around these needs. The hierarchy of desires is as follows; Physiological needs such as basic survival necessities; Safety need the feeling of total control over life, and assets. ; Love or Belonging the feeling of acceptance, and respect amongst group mentality. ; Self-Esteem needs

of glorification, respect, or redemption; and Self-Actualization is the realization of the needs you are missing, or the desire for more that make you’re a part of something. This marketing strategy is used in public persuasion by feeding into the primal aspect of the human brain. Commercials promoting popular items such as alcohol or nicotine utilize pop culture to spread specific messages of things that will be trends thus causing the general population to desire a specific idea, or item. The group mentality typically incarcerates more than one portion of the Maslow’s hierarchy, by targeting invidual with lower self-esteem, in order to create a sense of belonging, through self-actualization. Politicians create a physiological need for their candidacy through incorporations of safety, belonging, and self-esteem structure commercials and campaigns. Collective the use of persuasive language when campaigning products or ideology to the general public is to ultimately single out a individuals so that they feel as if they have one or more of these desires that need to be full filled. Works Cited “The Five Levels of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.” Self Esteem, 8 Feb. 2020, www.selfesteemawareness.com/five-levels-maslows-hierarchy-needs.

4. Discuss these types of reasoning: Deductive, Inductive, and Causal. Why are analogies popular in some speeches? In order to construct a counter argument or understand a persuasive speech an audience must use the cognitive brain function known as reasoning. Deductive reasoning includes conclusions draws from philosophical logic. Aristotle found that this form of logic expression was best used to allowing audiences to draw a conclusion from purposed situations to arrive at similar conclusions. It was a form of moral, philosophical, and theoretical reasoning

by discussing possibilities and differential outcomes. The utilization of this syllogism by many persuasive speakers allows the audience to believe that they are steering their own opinions towards the given conclusion. Inductive reasoning differs from deductive by presenting more observational data, allowing the audience to draw more conclusive reasons in speakers’ presentation. Casual reasoning establishes an independence in an audience by present as cause and effect relationship throughout an argument. Many arguments are founded on the if/then reasoning which allows the audience to feel more educated when absorbing the presenter information. The most popularly used reasoning it through analogies. Analogies clarify a point by comparing the stress of one thing, person or process to another. In the primal cortex of the human brain, there is always as though of survival, and need to look out for yourself first. It’s natural among human beings even the most humanitarian types to want to personalize or create a need to insert their ego in a situation. Additionally it is easier for the human mind to comprehend and argument if it is personalized and we draw our own conclusions utilizing personal experiences or observations. Thus making a speech more relatable and valid to the audience without the audience completely questioning the credibility. Analogies offer the imagination a simulative environment where it can review a given situation from a first or second person point of view, thus engaging the primal mindset. Work Cited: Persuasive Reasoning and Fallacies, 2012books.lardbucket.org/books/a-primer-oncommunication-studies/s11-03-persuasive-reasoning-and-falla.html. “Syllogism.” Dictonary.com, Dictionary.com, www.dictionary.com/browse/syllogism....