Spontaneous vs. Self–monitored? Language Variation in Malala’s Blog and Memoir PDF

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TRANSNATIONAL SUBJECTS LINGUISTIC ENCOUNTERS Selected papers from XXVII AIA Conference Volume I I edited by Liliana Landolfi Eleonora Federici Flavia Cavaliere L I G U O R I E D I T O R E DOMINI C R I T I C A E L E T T E R AT U R A 127 Collana diretta da Laura Di Michele TRANSNATIONAL SUBJECTS LINGU...

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Spontaneous vs. Self–monitored? Language Variation in Malala’s Blog and Memoir Maria Grazia Sindoni

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TRANSNATIONAL SUBJECTS LINGUISTIC ENCOUNTERS

Selected papers from XXVII AIA Conference Volume I I edited by

Liliana Landolfi Eleonora Federici Flavia Cavaliere

L I G U O R I

E D I T O R E

DOMINI

C R I T I C A E L E T T E R AT U R A 127 Collana diretta da Laura Di Michele

TRANSNATIONAL SUBJECTS LINGUISTIC ENCOUNTERS Selected papers from XXVII AIA Conference edited by

Liliana Landolfi, Eleonora Federici, Flavia Cavaliere

VO LU M E I I

Liguori Editore

Comitato scientifico Laura Di Michele, Rossella Ciocca (Università di Napoli ‘L’Orientale’), Claudia Corti (Università di Firenze), Maria Del Sapio (Università di Roma Tre), Bruna Di Sabato (Università di Napoli ‘Suor Orsola Benincasa’), Gabriele Frasca (Università di Salerno), Massimo Fusillo (Università dell’Aquila). I volumi pubblicati in questa collana sono preventivamente sottoposti a una doppia procedura di “peer review”.

Questa opera è protetta dalla Legge sul diritto d’autore (http://www.liguori.it/areadownload/LeggeDirittoAutore.pdf ). L’utilizzo del libro elettronico costituisce accettazione dei termini e delle condizioni stabilite nel Contratto di licenza consultabile sul sito dell’Editore all’indirizzo Internet http://www.liguori.it/ebook.asp/areadownload/eBookLicenza. Tutti i diritti, in particolare quelli relativi alla traduzione, alla citazione, alla riproduzione in qualsiasi forma, all’uso delle illustrazioni, delle tabelle e del materiale software a corredo, alla trasmissione radiofonica o televisiva, alla pubblicazione e diffusione attraverso la rete Internet sono riservati. La duplicazione digitale dell’opera, anche se parziale è vietata. Il regolamento per l’uso dei contenuti e dei servizi presenti sul sito della Casa Editrice Liguori è disponibile all’indirizzo Internet http://www.liguori.it/politiche_contatti/default.asp?c=contatta#Politiche Liguori Editore Via Posillipo 394 - I 80123 Napoli NA http://www.liguori.it/ © 2017 by Liguori Editore, S.r.l. Tutti i diritti sono riservati Prima edizione italiana Novembre 2017 In copertina: William Kentridge, Ferrovia Centrale per la città di Napoli, 1906 (Naples Procession) (dettaglio), 2012, Stone and glass paste mosaic, 285x2500 cm © William Kentridge Photocredit Lorenzo Lombardi Courtesy Galleria Lia Rumma Milano/Napoli Landolfi, Liliana (a cura di) : Transnational Subjects. Linguistic Encounters. Selected papers from XXVII AIA Conference. Vol. II/Liliana Landolfi, Eleonora Federici, Flavia Cavaliere (a cura di) Critica e Letteratura Napoli : Liguori, 2017 ISBN 978 - 88 - 207 - 6740 - 2 (a stampa) eISBN 978 - 88 - 207 - 6741 - 9 (eBook) ISSN 1972-0645 1. Intercultural Communication 2. Intertextual Domains I. Titolo

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

XI XIX

Introduction Transnational Subjects: Linguistic Encounters

Liliana Landolfi

Shakespeare and Translation

Susan Bassnett

PART ONE ENGLISH AND INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION 3 17

Fatal Racial Encounters in the US in the Media Representation

Lucia Abbamonte

Investigating the Coverage of American and British Cultural Information in Three Italian–English Bilingual Dictionaries

Laura Pinnavaia

32

Spontaneous vs. Self–monitored? Language Variation in Malala’s Blog and Memoir

Maria Grazia Sindoni

43

Bringing the Story Together: Text Organisation in ELF Creative Writing

Valeria Franceschi

PART TWO ENGLISH AND SOCIAL CHANGE 55

Hinglish, Blinglish: How London’s Ethnic Minorities are Influencing the English of the Capital City

Steve Buckledee

66

False Gallicisms in the English Language

Cristiano Furiassi

viii

78

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Spelling and the Construction of Identity in Non–Standard Languages: The Case of Written British Creole

Liis Kollamagi

91

English in the Traditional Media: The Case of Colloquialisation between Original Films and Remakes

Raffaele Zago

PART THREE ENGLISH THROUGH INTERTEXTUAL INVESTIGATIONS 107 122

Sustainable Corpora for Transnational Subjects: Methods and Tools

Maristella Gatto

Addressing Interpersonal Needs in Oral Interaction: The Case of Apology Responses

Sara Gesuato

134

Obama’s Winning ‘Change’ Strategy: Translation, Rhetoric and Intertextuality in the 2008 Presidential Campaign

Giusy Piatto

PART FOUR ENGLISH AND TRANSLATION 147 158 171

Translating Tourism, Translating Tourist Memory

Mirella Agorni

Constructing Transcultural Identities: The Case of Gomorrah — The Series

Antonio Fruttaldo

Heterolingualism and Transculturality in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s Tender is the Night and its Italian Translations

Elisa Aurora Pantaleo

179

Gomorrah — The Series Flies to the UK: How is Gomorrah’s World Rendered in English Subtitles?

Francesca Raffi

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ix

PART FIVE ENGLISH IN THE DIGITAL AGE 197

Dealing with Deals: A Comparative Study of the Promotional Discourse in Online Coupon Advertising

Maria Cristina Aiezza

211

Language, Mind and Culture in the Online Global Context: An Inquiry of Psycholinguistic Blogs

Roxanne Barbara Doerr

223

Interpersonal Meaning in a Corpus of Students–Teachers Computer Mediated Communication

Sabrina Fusari, Antonella Luporini

235

A Landscape of Innovations in ELT: Blending ELF and Intercultural Telecollaboration

Enrico Grazzi

PART SIX ABSTRACTS

TRANSNATIONAL SUBJECTS: LINGUISTIC ENCOUNTERS Liliana Landolfi 1 University of Naples “L’Orientale”

Framing the Conference The international scientific XXVII AIA Conference on Transnational Subjects: Linguistic, Literary and Cultural Encounters took place at the University of Naples “Federico II” (UNINA) and at the University of Naples “L’Orientale” (UNIOR) on 10–12 September 2015. The event lasted three full days and was hosted in two prestigious buildings. The workshops devoted to literary and cultural investigations were held at the Centro Congressi in Via Partenope 26, Naples and the Linguistic workshops, on which the present volume focuses, were delivered at Palazzo du Mesnil, the historic building of UNIOR, in Via Chiatamone 60–62, Naples. The conference was supported by several grants received by the Department of Human Studies and the Department of Economics at UNINA, the Department of Literary, Linguistic and Comparative Studies at UNIOR, and the Associazione Italiana di Anglistica (AIA).

Language Workshops Contemporary national/transnational language–related realities are reflected in the use of English as a subject of investigation for, from and through linguistic, social, pragmatic and methodological perspectives. They deserve deep examination and sound analyses particularly today, when fast transformations in a variety of areas (e.g., technology, science, politics) affect language use and its interpretation. The present 1 The present volume has been jointly structured by the three editors who, however, have specifically edited different sections. In particular, Liliana Landolfi is the author of the initial chapter and has edited the sections English and Intercultural Communication (Part One) and English in the Digital Age (Part Five). Eleonora Federici has edited the section dedicated to English and Translation (Part Four) and Flavia Cavaliere has edited the section English and Social Change (Part Two). The three editors have jointly co-edited (Part Three): Liliana Landolfi (pp. 165-179), Eleonora Federici (pp. 145-164) and Flavia Cavaliere (pp. 180-192).

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volume clusters and presents some such inquiries. The focus is specifically given to five major areas of investigation, each of which will be dealt with in a topic–specific section (Part One–Five). Globalisation and present forms of migration across national boundaries, as it is well known, have changed our perception of self, identity, mother tongue and intercultural communication. Encounters with other languages and cultures have become the norm and have irrevocably altered previously stable and unified notions of identity, language and culture. Multifaceted intercultural and socio–cultural phenomena (see Part One) have given birth to new discourses both on the significance of belonging to a linguistic community and on the nature of English as the contemporary medium of global communication (see Part Two). Cross–cultural movements, through travel, tourism, and global communication have further facilitated the interaction between one’s own and others’ language and culture (see Part Three) and have generated new needs and engendered innovative considerations in translation (see Part Four). Web–wired transnational audiences and socially–dedicated technologies have further contributed to shaping unprecedented scenarios and shown new forms of linguistic and socio–cultural entanglements as well as interpersonal uses of meaning (see Part Five). Within these embedding national and transnational language–related realities in constant transformation and evolution, scholars and researchers are required to: a) re– discuss the notions of globalisation and transculturality in English, so that concepts such as language use, identity, ethnicity, translingualism and transculturalism may acquire contemporary, functional and efficient definitions; b) examine the impact that the present global scenario has on English and on English–related phenomena in real or mediated contexts; c) redefine aspects of translation and translation practices in today’s contemporary world, and d) identify features of English use, abuse and/or misuse through the digital tools that have been offered by contemporary technological advancements and have been facilitated by easily collectable online materials. The possibility of shedding some light on these aspects is among the aims that this volume intends to pursue via offering a photograph of today’s English through the investigations of the eighteen authors who have contributed to structure the five thematic sections of the volume.

Volume Structure After a careful peer review process, eighteen papers were selected for inclusion in these proceedings. Though they represent just a selection of the conference topics (i.e., nearly 60 presentations in the Language Workshop) during which analyses were shared and discussions were favoured and sustained, they offer a clear view of the richness of content and perspectives that the XXVII AIA Conference in Naples clustered. The present selection will allow the community of language experts, researchers and students to reconsider prior visions, update language–related notions and revise working methodologies. The volume opens with Prof. Susan Bassnett’s chapter. She was the conference keynote speaker for the Language Workshops and her contribution, entitled Shake-

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xiii

speare and Translation, dealt with the role of Transnational Translations. She stressed that, rather than translations tout court, transnational translations have to be considered as ‘originals’ given their internal essence that stands out independently from the source. The volume, then, continues with five theme–specific sections in which the eighteen papers have been grouped: English and Intercultural Communication; English and Social Change; English through Intertextual Investigations; English and Translation; and English in the Digital Age. Authors’ contributions are gathered in groups of three or four chapters per section that encapsulate the most representative aspects of the conference. The authors are presented in alphabetical order within each of the thematic sections (i.e., One–Five) as well as in Part Six (i.e., Abstracts). As a way to briefly introduce the authors’ studies, a synthesis of their research and some short quotes, taken either from their chapters or from their abstracts, are included in this introductory presentation of the volume. Part One considers English and Intercultural Communication through the analyses proposed by four authors. Lucia Abbamonte explores news coverage of the protests following the killings of unarmed African–American men by police officers. She comparatively analyses newspaper articles and Black Voices bloggers’ posts from the Huffington Post website. Her method of analysis, which involved both qualitative and quantitative approaches, adheres to the Appraisal Framework categories, with a special focus on Attribution. She observes that some prevalence of unmarked attribution occurs across the three sub–corpora she created. She also identifies the degree of im/personalisation as the main difference between the journalists’ and bloggers’ voices. She couches the significance of her study on the «fluidity of the cross–mediatic space» created by the Internet, which «blurs the boundaries between the expert, professional journalist and the mass of communicators/creators of contents». Laura Pinnavaia’s contribution explores the type of English cultural information imparted as usage notes in the Italian–English bilingual dictionaries: Garzanti Hazon (2009), Oxford–Paravia (2010), and Ragazzini2011 (2010), where Garzanti Hazon (2009) and Ragazzini2011 (2010) are unidirectional, whereas Oxford–Paravia (2010) is bidirectional. The author finds that the dictionaries contribute differently: «each dictionary decides arbitrarily what lemmas and aspects of the social and cultural life described are worthy of attention». Dictionaries also vary in the level of attention placed on cultural information. She concludes suggesting that bilingual dictionaries address a specific linguistic community and as such they are «better candidates [than monolingual dictionaries] for dealing with cultural specificities». Her suggestion is that «Italian–English bilingual dictionaries should thus persevere with and boost their presentation of the finer and more intricate aspects of American and British life and culture» given that they are «arduous to acquire in a non–Anglophone environment». Maria Grazia Sindoni focuses on the writing of Malala Yousafzai, a female Pakistani education activist and winner of the Nobel Peace Prize. She specifically analyses two texts: a blog (“Diary of a Pakistani Schoolgirl”, 2009), and a memoir (I am Malala, 2013) co–authored with Christina Lamb. The writing is analysed with reference to generic characteristics, including 1) spontaneity, interactivity, low self–monitoring in the blog and 2) planning, high control and self–monitoring in the memoir. The quantitative comparison between the blog and the memoir reveals that

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the two texts do not differ to a significant extent, with the exception of lexical density. The qualitative analysis confirms the quantitative findings: it illustrates that the two texts were composed as spontaneous and colloquial conversations with readers, even though some symptomatic linguistic choices reveal that the book is more firmly placed in the written tradition. Valeria Franceschi explores creative writing in English as a lingua franca. She carries out a quantitative and qualitative corpus-based analysis by looking at written uses of ELF in fanfiction in «a 248,464-word corpus written by 26 authors, representing 11 different L1s». She analyses the ways in which multi-word texts organize elements with varying degrees of semantic opacity, relating to time reference. The findings of her study suggest that non-native writers frame the chronological structure of their texts through a use of prefabricated temporal sequences that differ from English as a Native Language in frequency, form and meaning. Her findings support the notion that the use of English as a common language of communication may entail processes of simplification and regularization. Part Two focuses on English and Social Change and ensembles four chapters. Steve Buckledee provides an overview of the main phonological, syntactic and lexical characteristics of Multicultural London English (MLE), a variety still limited to youth that is replacing Cockney as the dialect of London. He describes that MLE has borrowed lexicon from the Indian subcontinent, the Caribbean, and African American slang and then discusses the connection between MLE and Grime, a musical genre that shares characteristics with American hip hop. Buckledee suggests that the adolescents under observation are «diglossic, switching between MLE with friends and a more standard variety in the classroom or when circumstances require convergence with standard norms». He concludes wondering «whether MLE will go on to emulate Cockney and become the dialect Londoners use in all contexts, or whether it will continue to be an option in their repertoire of varieties». Cristiano Furiassi investigates presence and influence of borrowings — and particularly false borrowings — in present–day English from French. He focuses on 16 false Gallicisms and, after providing a clear definition of each, reports how frequently they appear in the BNC (Brit) and COCA (Am) corpora. The results of his qualitative and quantitative analyses reveal that roughly one third of the false Gallicisms analysed are prototypically American. The remaining two thirds are almost equally distributed between British English and American English. He concludes suggesting that «cross–cultural movements […] have contributed to the fluidity of the world’s languages». The phenomenon «has had an impact on the evolution of English lexis, enriched by both real and false borrowings from other languages». The focus on English lexicon continues in Liis Kollamagi’s contribution. The author examines the use of Caribbean–English lexicon Creoles in two British novels: Zadie Smith’s White Teeth (2000) and Andrea Levy’s Small Island (2004). The article quantitatively analyses Creole orthography and spelling choices to demonstrate how Creole use in fiction expresses and constructs the character’s identity. «[B]oth authors» Kollamagi states «relate to a traditional belief of Creoles to be ‘variants’ of English and they do not venture into a more phonemic representation of Creole». Indeed, by using code–switching between Creole, vernacular English and standard, the characters’ identi-

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ties are not imposed by the author’s or the omniscient narrator’s voice. She concludes suggesting that «British Creole usage in fiction […] has plentiful potentialities to produce intense and rich characters shifting ...