Static Route Cisco Pkt-G13-2022 PDF

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Static Route Cisco Pkt-G13-2022 assignment 2021...

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College of Arbaminch Institute of Technology (AMIT) Department of Software Engineering Networking Group Assignment Static Routing Group Student’s name --------------------------------------ID 1. Tekletsadik Aknaw

NSR/2273/12

2. Leul Abera

NSR/1513/12

3. Natnael Seyoum

NSR/1868/12

4. Daniel Demeke

NSR/717 /12

Submitted to- Mr. Endale.M Submission date - 24/1/2022

Objectives:  

Define static routing Explain the advantages and disadvantages of static routing.

   

Explain how a router processes packets when a static route is configured. Design and implement a VLSM addressing scheme. Set Up the Topology and Initialize Devices. Configure an IPv4 default routes.

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Configure Basic Device Settings and Test connectivity Configure a default static route.

Methodology: ♦ We will create a network that is similar to the one shown in the Topology Diagram below in the fig 1.0, We begin by cabling the network as shown in the Topology Diagram. We will then perform the initial router configurations required for connectivity. Use the IP addresses that are provided in the Addressing Table to apply an addressing scheme to the network devices. After completing the basic configuration, test connectivity between the devices on the network. First test the connections between directly connected devices, and then test connectivity between devices that are not directly connected. Static routes must be configured on the routers for end-to-end communication to take place between the network hosts. We will configure the static routes that are needed to allow communication between the hosts. by looking at the routing table after each static route is added to observe how the routing table has changed. Required Resources   

3 Routers (Integrated Services Routers (ISRs) Cisco ISR4321/K9) 3 Switches (C3560) 54 End Devices (PC's, server...)

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Ethernet and serial cables.

All the above devices are available at Cisco Packet tracer with no significant difference with the physical device. Therefore, we need Cisco packet tracer software.

Routing: Network routing is the process of selecting a path across one or more networks. The principles of routing can apply to any type of network, from telephone networks to public transportation. In packet-switching networks, such as the Internet, routing selects the paths for Internet Protocol (IP) packets to travel from their origin to their destination. These Internet routing decisions are made by specialized pieces of network hardware called routers.

When multiple routers are used in interconnected networks, the routers can exchange information about destination addresses using a routing protocol. Each router builds up a routing table, a list of routes, between two computer systems on the interconnected networks. A router can learn about remote networks in one of two ways: 

Manually - Remote networks are manually entered into the route table using static routes.



Dynamically - Remote routes are automatically learned using a dynamic routing protocol. (Using DHCP)

Static Routing Static Routing or Non-Adaptive Routing, follows user defined routing and routing table is not changed until network administrator changes it. Why Use Static Routing (Advantage)?  

Static routing provides some advantages over dynamic routing, including: Static routes are not advertised over the network, resulting in better security.

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Static routes use less bandwidth than dynamic routing protocols, no CPU cycles are used to calculate and communicate routes.

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The path a static route uses to send data is known. Static Routing uses simple routing algorithms and provides more security than dynamic routing.

Static routing has the following disadvantages:  

Initial configuration and maintenance are time-consuming. Configuration is error-prone, especially in large networks.

 

Administrator intervention is required to maintain changing route information. Does not scale well with growing networks; maintenance becomes cumbersome.

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Requires complete knowledge of the whole network for proper implementation.

When to Use Static Routes Static routing has three primary uses: 

Providing ease of routing table maintenance in smaller networks that are not expected



to grow significantly. Routing to and from sub networks. A sub network is a network accessed by a single

 

route, and the router has no other neighbours. Using a single default route to represent a path to any network that does not have a more specific match with another route in the routing table. Default routes are used to send traffic to any destination beyond the next upstream router.

Serial Cable Each router will be directly connected to two routers and three networks. We will setup three DCE serial interfaces for clocking and synchronization, and will configure three static routes on each of the three routers. It should be noted that when connecting two routers through serial cable, the serial interface of one router must be configured as DCE (Data Communication Equipment). DCE interface provides the clocking to the routers connected through it. UTP-Fast Ethernet Cable Fast Ethernet makes use of 100BASE-T, 100BASE-TX and so on. 100BASE-TX is the predominant form of Fast Ethernet, and each network segment can have a maximum cabling distance of 100m. because Gigabit Ethernet is more expensive than Fast Ethernet and Configuration problems in Gigabit Ethernet are more complicated than Fast Ethernet, we connect end devices with switch using Fast Ethernet.

UTP-Gigabit Ethernet Cable Gigabit Ethernet (1000BASE-T) speeds. Gigabit ethernet works the same way Fast Ethernet does, through twisted copper wires. Specifically, it can be run through any Cat5e and Cat6a cable if configured correctly.

Designing the Network: We have used a hybrid topology of Ring and Star for its most notable advantage of flexibility and degree of freedom it provides. Hence, with a hybrid network structure, there are very few limitations on how you can set up your network. Ring Topology We have used ring topologies dual-ring topology variant, which provides a second ring for redundancy. A triangle can be considered one extreme of a ring topology, which is a recommended building block for campus and data centre LAN designs.(making It reliable) 

Ring topologies are cost-effective and installation is relatively inexpensive



Identifying and troubleshooting are easier due to the intricate node-to-node connectivity.

Star Topology A star topology is the one in which each peripheral node is connected to a central switch. It is probably the most commonly used network topology for LAN because it is considered the easiest topology to design and implement. The central Switch functions as the server for the peripheral nodes or clients. Additionally, the whole network can be easily managed from a single location.

VLSM VLSM stands for Variable Length Subnet Mask where the subnet design uses more than one mask in the same network which means more than one mask is used for different subnets of a single class A, B, C or a network. It is used to increase the usability of subnets as they can be of variable size. It is also defined as the process of subnetting of a subnet. In VLSM, subnets use block size based on requirement so subnetting is required multiple times. In our Project we are given IP 192.168.190.0/24, department wise IPs can be allocated by following these steps: For each segment we select the block size that is greater than or equal to the actual requirement which is the sum of host addresses, broadcast addresses and network addresses.

Networks: Lan 1 : 20 Host Lan 2: 18 Host Lan 3: 16 Host

Link A: 2 Host Link B: 2 Host Link C: 2 Host

The highest IP has to be allocated to highest requirement 192.168.190.0/27 which has 30 valid addresses that can easily be available for Lan 1 hosts. The subnet mask used is 255.255.255.224 The next segment requires an IP to handle 18 hosts. The IP subnet with network number 192.168.190.32/27 is which can be assigned to 30 hosts that can easily be available for Lan 2. The subnet mask used is 255.255.255.224 The next segment requires an IP to handle 16 hosts. The IP subnet with network number 192.168.190.64/27 is which can be assigned to 30 hosts that can easily be available for Lan 3. The subnet mask used is 255.255.255.224 Link A: The next IP subnet 192.168.190.96/30 has 2 valid hosts IP which can be assigned to link 2 host devices. The mask used is 255.255.255.252 Link B: The next IP subnet 192.168.190.100/30 has 2 valid hosts IP which can be assigned to link 2 host devices. The mask used is 255.255.255.252 Link C: The next IP subnet 192.168.190.104/30 has 2 valid hosts IP which can be assigned to link 2 host devices. The mask used is 255.255.255.252

Basic Configuration of R1: Router> enable Router# configure terminal Router(config)# hostname R1 R1(config)# interface g 0/0/0 R1(config-if)# ip add 192.168.190.1 255.255.255.224 R1(config-if)# exit R1(config)# interface serial 0/1/0 R1(config-if)# ip add 192.168.190.97 255.255.255.252 R1(config-if)# clock rate 64000 R1(config-if)# encapsulation hdlc R1(config-if)# no shutdown R1(config-if)# exit R1(config)# interface serial 0/1/1 R1(config)# ip address 192.168.190.101 255.255.255.252 R1(config-if)# clock rate 64000 R1(config-if)# encapsulation hdlc R1(config-if)# no shutdown R1(config-if)# exit Checking Routing Table of router R1: R1#show ip route Gateway of last resort is not set 192.168.190.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks C 192.168.190.0/27 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0/0 L 192.168.190.1/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0/0 Basic Configuration of R2: Router> enable Router# configure terminal Router(config)# hostname R2 R2(config)# interface g 0/0/0 R2(config)# ip address 192.168.190.33 255.255.255.224 R2(config-if)# no shutdown R2(config-if)# exit

R2(config)# interface serial 0/1/0 R2(config)# ip address 192.168.190.98 255.255.255.252 R2(config-if)# encapsulation hdlc R2(config-if)# no shutdown R2(config-if)# exit R2(config)# interface serial 0/1/1 R2(config)# ip address 192.168.190.105 255.255.255.252 R2(config-if)# encapsulation hdlc R2(config-if)# no shutdown R2(config-if)# exit Checking the Routing Table for Router R2 R2#show ip route Gateway of last resort is not set 192.168.190.0/24 is variably subnetted, 4 subnets, 3 masks C 192.168.190.32/27 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0/0 L 192.168.190.33/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0/0 C 192.168.190.96/30 is directly connected, Serial0/1/0 L 192.168.190.98/32 is directly connected, Serial0/1/0 Basic Configuration of R3: Router> enable Router# configure terminal Router(config)# hostname R3 R3(config)# interface g 0/0/0 R3(config)# ip address 192.168.190.65 255.255.255.224 R3(config-if)# no shutdown R3(config-if)# exit R3(config)# interface serial 0/1/0 R3(config)# ip address 192.168.190.102 255.255.255.252 R3(config-if)# encapsulation hdlc R3(config-if)# no shutdown R3(config-if)# exit R3(config)# interface serial 0/1/1 R3(config)# ip address 192.168.190.106 255.255.255.252 R3(config-if)# encapsulation hdlc R3(config-if)# no shutdown R3(config-if)# exit Checking Routing Table of router R3: R3#show ip route Gateway of last resort is not set 192.168.190.0/24 is variably subnetted, 6 subnets, 3 masks C 192.168.190.64/27 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0/0 L 192.168.190.65/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0/0

C 192.168.190.100/30 is directly connected, Serial0/1/0 L 192.168.190.102/32 is directly connected, Serial0/1/0 C 192.168.190.104/30 is directly connected, Serial0/1/1 L 192.168.190.106/32 is directly connected, Serial0/1/1

Ping Verification of Router R1: R1#ping 192.168.190.102 Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.190.102, timeout is 2 seconds: !!!!! Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 1/4/16 ms R1#ping 192.168.190.33 Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.190.33, timeout is 2 seconds: ..... Success rate is 0 percent (0/5) R1#ping 192.168.190.65 Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.190.65, timeout is 2 seconds: ..... Success rate is 0 percent (0/5)

Notice that ping is successful for all the directly connected networks which are 192.168.190.102 and 192.168.190.98 We cannot ping the IP addresses which does not belong to the directly connected networks of R1 router, as R1 router does not know how to send packets to those networks. We have to define routes for those which we can’t ping directly, the routes may be statically defined or defined through a routing protocol. Therefore, we should define static routes. N.B The same is true for the other two Routers Configuring static Routes on Router R1: In defining a static route, we must know the next hop address through which we want to connect to a remote network. Next hop address is the IP address of the next router’s serial port address which are connected through serial cable. In this case serial interface S0/1/0 (192.168.190.97) of R1 is connected to S0/1/0 (192.168.190.98) of R2 and both interfaces share the same network which is 192.168.190.96 /30, but If R1wants to send packets to 192.168.190.105/ 30 and 192.168.190.33 it’s next hop address will be 192.168.190.98

serial interface S0/1/1 (192.168.190.101) of R1 is connected to S0/1/1 (192.168.190.102) of R3 and both interfaces share the same network which is 192.168.190.100/30, but If R2 wants to send packets to 192.168.190.106/ 30 and 192.168.190.65/27 it’s next hop address will be 192.168.190.102 The ip route command defines a static route through which packets intended for the remote network are forwarded through the defined next hop address. R1(config)#ip R1(config)#ip R1(config)#ip R1(config)#ip

route route route route

192.168.190.32 192.168.190.104 192.168.190.64 192.168.190.104

255.255.255.224 255.255.255.252 255.255.255.224 255.255.255.252

192.168.190.98 192.168.190.98 192.168.190.102 192.168.190.102

R1#show ip route Gateway of last resort is not set 192.168.190.0/24 is variably subnetted, 9 subnets, 3 masks C 192.168.190.0/27 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0/0 L 192.168.190.1/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0/0 S 192.168.190.32/27 [1/0] via 192.168.190.98 S 192.168.190.64/27 [1/0] via 192.168.190.102 C 192.168.190.96/30 is directly connected, Serial0/1/0 L 192.168.190.97/32 is directly connected, Serial0/1/0 C 192.168.190.100/30 is directly connected, Serial0/1/1 L 192.168.190.101/32 is directly connected, Serial0/1/1 S 192.168.190.104/30 [1/0] via 192.168.190.98 [1/0] via 192.168.190.102

Configuring static Routes on Router R2: In this case serial interface S0/1/0 (192.168.190.98) of R2 is connected to S0/1/0 (192.168.190.97) of R1 and both interfaces share the same network which is 192.168.190.96 /30, but If R2 wants to send packets to 192.168.190.101/ 30 and 192.168.190.1/27 it’s next hop address will be 192.168.190.97 serial interface S0/1/1 (192.168.190.105) of R2 is connected to S0/1/1 (192.168.190.106) of R3 and both interfaces share the same network which is 192.168.190.104 /30, but If R2 wants to send packets to 192.168.190.102/ 30 and 192.168.190.65/27 it’s next hop address will be 192.168.190.106 The ip route command defines a static route through which packets intended for the remote network are forwarded through the defined next hop address. R2(config)#ip R2(config)#ip R2(config)#ip R2(config)#ip

route route route route

192.168.190.0 255.255.255.224 192.168.190.97 192.168.190.100 255.255.255.252 192.168.190.97 192.168.190.64 255.255.255.224 192.168.190.106 192.168.190.100 255.255.255.252 192.168.190.106

R2#show ip route

Gateway of last resort is not set 192.168.190.0/24 is variably subnetted, 9 subnets, 3 masks

S 192.168.190.0/27 [1/0] via 192.168.190.97 C 192.168.190.32/27 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0/0 L 192.168.190.33/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0/0 S 192.168.190.64/27 [1/0] via 192.168.190.106 C 192.168.190.96/30 is directly connected, Serial0/1/0 L 192.168.190.98/32 is directly connected, Serial0/1/0 S 192.168.190.100/30 [1/0] via 192.168.190.97 [1/0] via 192.168.190.106 C 192.168.190.104/30 is directly connected, Serial0/1/1 L 192.168.190.105/32 is directly connected, Serial0/1/1

Configuring static Routes on Router R3: In this case serial interface S0/1/0 (192.168.190.102) of R2 is connected to S0/1/0 (192.168.190.101) of R1 and both interfaces share the same network which is 192.168.190.100 /30, but If R2 wants to send packets to 192.168.190.97/ 30 and 192.168.190.1/27 it’s next hop address will be 192.168.190.101 serial interface S0/1/1 (192.168.190.106) of R2 is connected to S0/1/1 (192.168.190.105) of R3 and both interfaces share the same network which is 192.168.190.104 /30, but If R2 wants to send packets to 192.168.190.98/ 30 and 192.168.190.33/27 it’s next hop address will be 192.168.190.105 The ip route command defines a static route through which packets intended for the remote network are forwarded through the defined next hop address. R3(config)#ip R3(config)#ip R3(config)#ip R3(config)#ip

route route route route

192.168.190.0 192.168.190.96 192.168.190.32 192.168.190.96

255.255.255.224 255.255.255.252 255.255.255.224 255.255.255.252

R3#show ip route

Gateway of last resort is not set 192.168.190.0/24 is variably subnetted, 9 subnets, 3 masks S 192.168.190.0/27 [1/0] via 192.168.190.101 S 192.168.190.32/27 [1/0] via 192.168.190.105 C 192.168.190.64/27 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0/0 L 192.168.190.65/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0/0 S 192.168.190.96/30 [1/0] via 192.168.190.101 [1/0] via 192.168.190.105 C 192.168.190.100/30 is directly connected, Serial0/1/0 L 192.168.190.102/32 is directly connected, Serial0/1/0 C 192.168.190.104/30 is directly connected, Serial0/1/1 L 192.168.190.106/32 is directly connected, Serial0/1/1

192.168.190.101 192.168.190.101 192.168.190.105 192.168.190.105

For verification let’s ping among hosts of R1, R2 and R3 First lets ping from R1 to R2 and R3 network that was unreachable before: R1#ping 192.168.190.33 Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.190.33, timeout is 2 seconds: !!!!! Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 1/1/2 ms R1#ping 192.168.190.65 Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.190.65, timeout is 2 seconds: !!!!! Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 1/14/25 ms. R1#ping 192.168.190.105 Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.190.105, timeout is 2 seconds: !!!!! Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 1/10/41 ms

Now lets ping from R2 to R1 and R3 network that was unreachable before: R2#ping 192.168.190.1 Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.190.1, timeout is 2 seconds: !!!!! Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 1/2/6 ms R2#ping 192.168.190.65 Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.190.65, timeout is 2 seconds: !!!!! Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 1/2/8 ms R2#ping 192.168.190.102 Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.190.102, timeout is 2 seconds: !!!!! Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 1/7/18 ms

Finaly lets ping from R3 to R1 and ...