STS PPT 5 Reports - INDIGENOUS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PDF

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Indigenous Science and TechnologyIndigenous Knowledge Indigenous knowledge is the unique knowledge confined to a particular culture or society.  It is also known as: o Local knowledge o Folk knowledge o People’s knowledge o Traditional wisdom o Traditional science Embedded in the daily life experi...

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Indigenous Science and Technology

Indigenous Knowledge  

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Indigenous knowledge is the unique knowledge confined to a particular culture or society. It is also known as: o Local knowledge o Folk knowledge o People’s knowledge o Traditional wisdom o Traditional science Embedded in the daily life experience of young children as they grow up. Practiced by the members of the community Parents and other folks served as the first teachers and their methods of teaching are very effective in transmitting cultural knowledge in the mind of the children. Lessons they learned are intimately interwoven with their culture and the environment Lessons are comprised of good values and life stories of people on their daily struggles Views about nature and their reflections on their experiences in daily life are evident in their stories, poems and songs.

Indigenous Knowledge – Use a. Predicting weather conditions and seasons using knowledge in observing animals’ behavior and celestial bodies b. Using herbal medicine c. Preserving foods d. Classifying plants and animals into families and groups based on cultural properties e. Preserving and selecting good seeds for planting f. Producing wines and juices from tropical fruits g. Keeping the custom of growing plants and vegetables in the yard

Indigenous Science  

Indigenous science is a part of indigenous knowledge system practiced by different groups of people and early civilizations. It includes complex arrays of knowledge, expertise, practices, and representations that guide human societies in their enumerable interactions with the natural milieu:  Medicine

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 Naming and explaining natural phenomena  Agriculture  Strategies for coping with changing environments It is collectively lived in and experienced by the people of a given culture. Indigenous beliefs also develop desirable values that are relevant or consistent to scientific attitudes namely: 1. Motivating attitudes 2. Cooperating attitudes 3. Practical attitudes 4. Reflective attitudes These cultural beliefs therefore can be good foundation for developing positive values toward learning and doing science and in bringing science in a personal level. Indigenous science provides the basics of astronomy, pharmacology, food technology, or metallurgy which were derived from traditional knowledge and practices. Indigenous science is composed of traditional knowledge that uses science process skills and guided by community values and culture INDIGENOUS SCIENCE

Science process skills 

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Community culture and values

Traditional knowledge

Indigenous science uses science process skills such as observing, comparing, classifying, measuring, problem solving, inferring, communicating, and predicting. Indigenous science is guided by culture and community values such as the following: 1. The land is the source of life. It is a precious gift from the creator 2. All living and non-living things are interconnected and interdependent with each other 3. Human beings are stewards of the land and other natural resources. They have a responsibility to preserve it 4. Nature is a friend to human beings – it needs respect and proper care 5. The Earth is revered as “Mother Earth.” It is the origin of their identity as a people. Indigenous science is composed of traditional knowledge practices and valued by people and communities such as:  Ethno-biology  The scientific study of the way living things are treated or used by different human cultures. It studies the dynamic relationship between people, biota, and environments, from the past to the present  Ethno-medicine  The study of comparison of the traditional medicine based on bioactive compounds in plants and animals and practiced by

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various ethnic groups, especially those with little access to western medicines. Indigenous farming methods  Methods to sustain productivity of land Folk astronomy  Creating stories about astronomical phenomena

Importance of Indigenous Science 1. Indigenous science gave birth to the development of science and technology as a field and as a discipline 2. Indigenous science helped the people in understanding the natural environment and in coping with everyday life

Examples of Indigenous Knowledge 1. Observation of the Environment to Predict and Prevent Landslides  landslides are most likely to occur if sacred trees (ai-lulik) are cut and sacred stones (fatuk-lulik) are destroyed  The physical structure of soil is fragile when there are no stones and tree roots to secure the ground 2. Annedda tree  The herbal medicine used as instrument for pharmacological development.  Indigenous people in North America helped newcomers to cure scurvy using conifer-needle tonics (Annedda tree) that were rich in vitamin C. 3. Sambong Leaves  Sambong is a traditional medicine as a treatment for fever, cough, headache, boils, and abdominal pain.  It also treats urinary tract infections and reduce high blood pressure. 4. Anino  This covers everything from cancer healing plants to natural ways to help a common cold.  The leaves of this particular plant can be used to take away the pain of headaches while the fruit has cancer healing properties. 5. Acupuncture  Acupuncture is a form of treatment that involves inserting very thin needles through a person's skin at 9specific points on the body, to various depths.  It can help to relieve pain and it is used for a wide range of other complaints.  Originated in China. It was first mentioned and recorded in documents dating a few hundred years before the Common Era.  Acupuncture is a technique in which practitioners stimulate specific points on the body, usually by inserting thin needles through the skin.

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Ancient Chinese method of relieving pain it is used to treat pain, anxiety, weight reduction and substance abuse 6. Farming System of Cordillera’s Ifugao’s: Payoh, Muyung and Uma  The Ifugaos of Cordillera  Indigenous Knowledge System Technologies and Practices: Farming System  Evolutionary Changes and Problems 7. Zai Pit System  Zai holes or Tumbukiza/roof/ gardens/ circle gardens/vertical gardens  “Zai” is a term that farmers in northern Burkina Faso use to refer to small planting pits  Traditional land rehabilitation to rehabilitate degraded drylands and to restore soil fertility to the benefit of farmers living in drylands  Process  Step 1: The first step is digging a pit of measurement 60cm length by 60cm width by 30cm 0r 90 cm by 90 cm by 30 in the farm  Step 2: After digging the pit, its halfway filled with organic matter of dry leaves, maize straws, etc which is to assist in conserving moisture content and increase manure content as the organic matter decomposes with time.  Step 3: The zai pit are then filled with a mixture of manure and top soil after the organic matter.  Step 4: The zai pits are then irrigated incase the farming is being done during the dry season and the intended crops planted.  What does it does?  Harvest Rain Water  Concentrate fertility  Accelerated Decomposition  Results/Effectiveness  Produces higher grain yields, particularly on highly degraded sandy soils  Increase crop yield by 40% through to 600% compared with standard row cropping!  This invention should work well in many other parts of Africa, as well as the Middle East, Central and South America, India and South-east Asia, perhaps greatly improving food production and food security for the poor worldwide. 8. Seaweeds Farming  The development objective of this project is to contribute to the improvement of the socio-economic conditions of fishing community’s dependent on coastal fisheries for livelihood by developing alternative employment and income opportunities through diversification of seaweed farming. This activity would divert fishing to farming, thus, reduce fishing effort on the overfished coastal fishery resources  Seaweed gathering is a seasonal activity of coastal villagers particularly where monsoon season is pronounced. This is true in the Visayas and Luzon Islands. In Mindanao, where monsoon season does not affect the region's weather conditions, seaweed farming has become a more

established occupation particularly in Tawi-Tawi, Sulu, wherein about 3,000 seaweed farms operate  Seaweed farming is considered an economic activity for coastal fishermen. It does not require intensive capital; family labor is gainfully employed and the product is marketed both in the domestic and international outlets, given the quality of products produced 9. Fermentation  A natural process through which microorganisms like yeast and bacteria convert carbs such as starch and sugar into alcohol or acids  The alcohol or acids act as a natural preservative & give fermented foods a distinct zest and tartness.  Promotes the growth of beneficial bacteria, known as probiotics  Examples of Fermentation  Food drying is a method of food preservation in which food is dried (dehydrated or desiccated). Drying inhibits the growth of bacteria, yeasts, and mold through the removal of water. Dehydration has been used widely. For this purpose, since ancient times. Open air drying using sun and wind has been practiced since ancient times to preserve food  Smoking is the process of flavoring, browning, cooking, or preserving food by exposing it to smoke from burning or smoldering material, most often wood. Fish and meat are often smoke. 10. Volcanic Eruption  Animal behavior changes (rats, snakes, crabs, goats) 11. Pambabatok  A tattooing technique of the Butbut Tribe in the Philippines 12. Etag  Native’s traditional way of preserving pork. 13. Coconut oil  Lessens the pain of the body due to its soothing oil that penetrates the skin. 14. Bamboo Drip Irrigation System  Is a 200-year-old system of tapping stream and spring water by using bamboo pipe and transporting water from higher to lower regions through gravity. 15. Bark of a Willow Tree  A symbolic medicinal plant  It is chemically known as acetylsalicylic acid or salicylate  It has been used for centuries as a pain reliever  The main pharmacologically active ingredient of willow is the “salicin” structure  Salicin is comprised of D-glucose [It circulates in human circulation as blood glucose and acts as an essential energy source for many organisms through aerobic or anaerobic respiration and fermentation] and salicyl alcohol [local anesthetic and anti-inflammatory] 16. Aspirin  pain reliever

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It is known as a salicylate and a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) Essential in the pharmacological development It is used to reduce fever and relieve mild to moderate pain from conditions such as muscle aches, toothaches, common cold, and headaches. It may also be used to reduce pain and swelling in conditions such as arthritis Rice-Fish Co-Culture System farming technique for over 1,200 years in south China (Qingtian, Zhejiang Province) "globally-important agricultural heritage system," by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization Economic benefits - net proceeds Beneficial to farmers Boosts their tourism Public Health benefits Environmental benefits Mutualism is defined as an interaction between individuals of different species that results in positive (beneficial) effects on per capita reproduction and/or survival of the interacting populations. Food Fermentation and Preservation Since ancient times in every civilization, there will be food preservation or fermentation. It is to prolong the foods and stock it Ancient Egypt one of the avid practitioners of food fermentation and one of the oldest. Beer and Mead is fermented in Ancient Egypt. In Japan Miso and Soy sauce is fermented which one of the oldest condiments. Food Fermentation occurs with the help of bacteria and yeast since in the ancient people does not have sanitizers or alcohol bacteria is easily accumulated Due to food fermentation there are products that have been discovered and up to market till now. One of it is the most used preservatives in canned foods, canned vegetables, to add flavor to soup and meat and that is Monosodium Glutamate or MSG. Kikunae Ikeda, a chemistry professor at Imperial University of Tokyo and founder of Ajinomoto, discovered the flavor-enhancing property of MSG in 1908. Another example of it is Yogurt, Sardines, Spam and many canned foods. Water Harvesting Redirection and productive use of rainfall It involves collecting water from rooftops, swollen streams and rivers or from constructed catchments. Water harvesting ensures that farmers have enough amount of water stored in case of limited rainfall or shortness supply of water

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Originated from different civilization: India, Mesopotamia, China, and modern day Israel in 200 B.C. The first design of the water harvesting is made of large rock formed into basin using clay and other rocks to seal it from leaking. Then, it is used for drinking, washing, agriculture etc....