STS Reviewer - Lecture notes 1-6 PDF

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CHAPTER 1Why Science and Technology play majors in the everyday life? Make difficult & complicated task more easier  Raise the quality of life  Developments in various fieldsANCIENT TIMESPeople were concerned with: TRANSPORTATION  COMMUNICATION  WEAPONS AND ARMORS  CONSERVATION OF LIF...

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CHAPTER 1 Why Science and Technology play majors in the everyday life?   

Make difficult & complicated task more easier Raise the quality of life Developments in various fields

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Sailboats -

ANCIENT TIMES People were concerned with:      

TRANSPORTATION COMMUNICATION WEAPONS AND ARMORS CONSERVATION OF LIFE ENGINEERING ARCHITECTURE

- located southernmost tip of ancient Mesopotamia - known for high degree of cooperation - not contented with basic things; pushed them to develop many things connected with science and technology

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Hanging Gardens of Babylon

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Uruk City - considered to be the first true city - were able to build the city by using mud or clay from the river mixed with reeds, producing sun-baked bricks--- a true engineering feat

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ziggurat--- called mountain of god; served as the sacred place of their chief god; priests were allowed to enter built in the same manner of the Uruk City

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this is the solution for flooding caused by the river

located in North Africa; contributed other practical things that the world now considers as essential

CONTRIBUTIONS: Paper or Papyrus -

Irrigation and Dikes -

made up of layers upon laer that contained several species of plants, tress, and vines King Nebuchadnezzar II built the gardens for his wife, Queen Amytis location is uknown; said to be a mythical place; product of creative imagination because it lacked documentation; or must been destroyed by war considered as one of the greatest engineering and architectural achievements in the world

EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION

Great Ziggurat of Ur -

emerged near the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers were great builders, engineers, and architects

CONTRIBUTIONS:

Cuneiform

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used sun-baked bricks; later poured bitumen (a black sticky substance lie asphalt)

BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION

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first writing system system that utilizes word pictures and triangular symbols which are carved on clay allowed them to keep records of things with great historical value

for agriculture; it breaks the ground enabling them to mass profuce food without taking so much effort and time

Roads

CONTRIBUTIONS:

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the main mode of transportation was through waterways such as rivers and seas essential in transportation and trading as well as in fostering culture, information, and technology

The Plow

Achievements of the early civilization: SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION

considered as the world’s most beneficial engineering works

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was a plant that grew abundantly along the Nile River in Egypt; were able to process plants in order to produce thin sheets easy to carry; sheets were also less breakable compared with clay tablets

Ink

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invented by combining soot with different chemicals to produce inks of different colors

Hieroglyphics -

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system of writing using symbols; Egyptians believed that this was provided to them by their gods records were well-preserved since they were carved at the walls of pyramids

Cosmetics -

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it was invented for health and aesthetic purposes; they wore Kohl around the eyes to prevent and even cure eyes diseases; it was created by mixing soot or malachite with mineral galena they believed wearing make-up was protected by evil and beauty was a sign of holiness

Wig -

Water Clock/Clepsydra -

utiizes gravity that affects the flow of water from one vessel to the other; it is where time is measured; used as timekeeping device during ancient times

GREEK CIVILIZATION -

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use of water that dropped into drums which sounded the alarm; four water vessels lined up vertically Plato believed to have utilized an alrm clock to signal the start of his lecture

Water Mill -

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considered as one of the most important contributions because it is commonly used in agricultural process milling was made possible by the use of watermills, mass production, creals

strongest poitical and social entity in the west; considered to be the cradle if politics and governance during that period

CONTRIBUTIONS: Newspaper -

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known as gazettes, contained announcements of the Roman Empire to the people; were engraved in metal or sime tablets and ten publicly displayed easy acces to government information

Bound Books or Codex -

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record-keeping was much easier especially in documenting historical events and newly legislated laws Julius Ceasar started the tradition of stacking up papyrus to form a book covers were made of wax but later replaced by animal skin which proved to be stronger and longer-lasting

Roman Architecture -

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continutaion of greek architecture; were able to preserve great and elaborate architectural designs were able to implement major projects such as large churches (cathedrals and basilicas)

Roman Numerals -

southeastern part of Europe; known for the birthplace of westen philosophers; major achievements: philosophy and mathematics

Alarm Clock -

ROMAN CIVILIZATION

worn for health and wellness rather than aesthetic purposes wearing wig was better since it allows heat to escape

considered better than ills because they required less effort and time

they devised their own number system specifically to address the need for a standard counting method that would meet their increasing communication and trade concerns

CHINESE CIVILIZATION -

oldest civilization in Asia; known as the middle kingdom; located on the far east of Asia

CONTRIBUTIONS: Silk -

resulted in the creation of a product for trade produce by silk worms; produce paper and clothing

Tea Production

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beverage; produced by pouring hot over crushed or shredded dried tea leaves; first tea was drunk by a Chinese emperor China became known for its tea exports

Great wall of China -

man-made structure that could be seen from outer space; largest and most extensive infrastucture that nation built made with stone, brick, wood, earth and other materials

Gunpowder -

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mixed charcoal, sulfur, and potassium nitrate, they accidentally invented a black powder that could actually generate large amounts of heat and gas also used in fireworks

MEDIEVAL/MIDDLE AGES...