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Science- the word came from the Latin "scientia," meaning "knowledge." It refers to the systematic and methodical activity of building and organizing knowledge about how the universe behaves through observation, experimentation, or both. According to famous Americ...

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Sci ence-t hewor dcamef r om t heLat i n" sc i ent i a, " meani ng" k nowl edge. "I tr ef er st ot hes y s t emat i c andmet hodi c alac t i v i t yofbui l di ngandor gani z i ng k nowl edgeabouthowt heuni v er s ebehav es t hr oughobs er v at i on,ex per i ment at i on,orbot h. Ac c or di ngt of amousAmer i c ansc i encehi s t or i an, J ohnHei l br on( 2003) ,"Moder ns c i enc ei sa di s cov er yofr egul ar i t yi nnat ur e,enoughf or nat ur al phenomenat obedes c r i bedbypr i nc i pl es andl aws .heal s oexpl ai nedt hats ci enc er equi r ed i nv ent i ont odevi s et ec hni ques ,abs t r ac t i ons , appar at us es ,andor gani z at i onst odes cr i bet hes e nat ur al r egul ar i t i esandt hei rl awl i k edes c r i pt i ons . Technol ogy-i ti st heappl i cat i onofs c i ent i fi c k nowl edge,l aws ,andpr i nci pl est opr oduc e s er vi ces ,mat er i al s ,t ool s ,andmac hi nesai medat s ol v i ngr eal wor l dpr obl ems .i tc amef r om t he Gr eekwor dt echne,meani ng' ar t ,sk i l l ,orc unni ng ofhand. ' Soci et y-i sc ompos edofagr oupofpeopl el i vi ng t oget heri namor eorl es sor der edcommuni t y . Wol per t( 2005)madeani nt er es t i ngc ompar i s on bet weens c i enc eandt ec hnol ogyt hati shel pf uli n t hes t udyoft hei ri nt er ac t i onwi t hs oc i et y ,Wol per t ex pl ai nedt hatr el i abl esci ent i ficknowl edgehas nomor aloret hi calval ue.I ti smeants i mpl yt o ex pl ai nhownat ur eandt heuni v er s ewor kandt hat t heobl i gat i onoft hesc i ent i s t s ,bes i dess t udy i ng t henat ur eoft heuni v er s e,i st oe x pl ai nt he pos s i bl eus esandappl i cat i onsofs uc hs c i ent i fic k nowl edge.Al ongt hi sl i ne,Wol per tmadei tc l ear t hatsci encei snott hesameast echnol ogy. Sc i ent i s t sar enotr es pons i bl ef ort heappl i c at i onof k nowl edgei nt ec hnol ogy .Hef ur t herex pl ai nedt hat t hev er ynat ur eofs c i enc ei st hati ti snotpos s i bl e t opr edi c ts c i ent i fi cdi s c ov er i esandhowt hes e di s cov er i esmaybeappl i ed.Whi l es c i ent i s t sar e notr es pons i bl ef ort her el i abl ec onductoft he s c i ent i fi ci nqui r yandi t shones ti nt er pr et at i onand di s s emi nat i on,t echnol ogi calappl i cat i onsof sci encear ei nfluencedbyot hersect or ssuch aspol i t i csandgover nance,r el i gi on,and busi ness. Nowaday s ,adv anc ement si ns c i enceand t ec hnol ogyhav ebec omeper v asi v e.Theyar e mani f es t edi nt heac t i v i t i est hathumanspur s ue andt het ool st heyus eev er yday .Thebeaut yof t hi si st hatanadv ancementbui l dsuponi t s el f .As

s uc h,humanst oda yl i v emor epr oduct i v eand mor eex ci t i ngl i v est hant hei rpr edeces s or s . Howev er ,t hedy nami sm andi mmens i t yof s c i ent i fi candt ec hnol ogi calpr ogr es sal sopos e c hal l engesanddr awbac kst ot hewayhumans l i v e.Thei nt r oduc t i onofmachi nest r emendous l y c utt heneedf ort hehumanwor kf or c eandgav e r i s et ot heques t i onsaboutwhet hermac hi neswi l l ev ent ual l yr epl acehumans .Thei nv ent i onofdr ugs t hatc ur edt hepr ev i ousl yi nc ur abl edi s eas es i nt r oducednews t r ai nsofbact er i aandv i r us est hat ar er es i st antt ot hev er ys amedr ugst hatonce f oughtt hemt ak eanant i bi ot i c r es i s t ants t r ai nof gonor r heaasanex ampl e.Ther i s eofs oc i al medi adr as t i c al l yc hangedt hewayhumans c ommuni cat e,i nt er act ,ands har ei nf or mat i on; howev er ,t hi st endst oputpeopl e' spr i v ac yatr i s k . I ndeed,s c i enc eandt ec hnol ogyhav es er v eda pr edomi nant l ydoubl eedgedf unc t i on.  Aspr obl emsi nsc i enceandt ec hnol ogy c ont i nuet or i s eandbec omemor eobs er v abl e, t heneedt opayat t ent i ont ot hei ri nt er ac t i ons wi t hv ar i ousaspec t sofhumanl i f e,e. g.s oc i al , pol i t i c al ,andec onomi c ,becomesev enmor e nec es s ar y .How t hedi ffer entaspect sof soci et yshapeandi nfluencet he pr ogr essi onandf ur t herdevel opment sof sci enceandt echnol ogyi nt hear eaof concer nofar el at i v el ynewacademi c di s ci pl i necal l edSci ence,Technol ogy ,and Soci et y.  Sc i enceandT echnol ogyandSoc i et yi sa r el at i v el yy oungfi el dt hatpr ev i ous l y i ndependentandol derdi s c i pl i nes ,s uc has t hehi st or yofsci ence,phi l osophyof sci ence,andsoci ol ogyofsci ence.Asan ac ademi cfi el d,STS,acc or di ngt oHar v ar d Uni v er si t y ' sKennedySc hool ( 2018)t r acesi t s r oot sf r om t hei nt er warper i odandt hest ar t oft hecol dwar .I twasdur i ngt heper i odwhen hi s t or i ansands c i ent i s t sf oundi nt er es ti n t hei nt er connect i onsofsci ent i fic knowl edge,t echnol ogi calsyst ems,and soci et y.Ther i s eofSTSasanacademi cfi el d r es ul t edf r om t her ec ogni t i ont hatmany s c hool st odaydonotr eal l ypr epar es t udent st o r es pondc r i t i cal l y ,r efl ec t i v el y ,andpr oac t i v el y t ot hec hal l engespos edbysc i enceand t ec hnol ogyi nt hecont empor ar ywor l d.

adi l emmai sas i t uat i onwher eaper s oni sf or ced t oc hoos ebet weent woormor econfl i ct i ngopt i ons nei t herofwhi c hi sac c ept abl e.

Whatar eEt hi calDi l emmas? Et hi cal / Mor alDi l emmasar es i t uat i onswher e per s ons ,whoar ecal l ed" mor al agent s "i net hi c s , ar ef or cedt oc hoos ebet weent woormor e c onfl i c t i ngopt i ons ,nei t herofwhi c hr es ol v est he s i t uat i oni namor al l yacc ept abl emanner . Thr eeCondi t i onst hatmustbePr esenti n Mor alDi l emmas  Theper s onoragentofmor al act i oni sobl i ged t omak eadec i s i onaboutwhi c hcour seof ac t i oni sbest .  Ther emus tbedi ffer entc our s esofac t i ont o c hoos ef r om.  Nomat t erwhatcour s eofact i oni st ak en, s omemor al pr i nc i pl esar eal way s c ompr omi s ed. TypesofDi l emmas 1.Epi st emi candont ol ogi caldi l emma-I nan epi s t emi cdi l emma,t her ear et woormor e mor al r equi r ement st hatc onfli ctwi t heac h ot her .t hemor alagenthar dl yknowswhi c hone t ak espr ec edenceov ert heot her .Ont heot her hand,t heont ol ogi c al di l emmahast woor mor emor al r equi r ement st hatc onfl i c twi t h eac hot her ,y etnei t heroft hes econfl i ct i ng mor al r equi r ement sov er r i deseac hot her . Nei t heroft hemor alr equi r ement si ss t r onger t hant heot her ;hence,t hemor al agentc an har dl yc hoosebet weent hec onfl i c t i ngmor al r equi r ement s . 2.Sel f i mposedandwor l di mposed di l emmas-Sel f i mpos edi sc aus edbyt he mor al agent ' swr ongdoi ngswhi l eawor l di mpos eddi l emmapos i t st hatc er t ai nev ent si n t hewor l dpl ac et hemor al agenti nas i t uat i on ofmor al c onfl i c t . 3.Obl i gat i ondi l emmasandpr ohi bi t i on di l emmas-Obl i gat i onhasmor et hanone f eas i bl eac t i oni sobl i gat or ywhi l epr ohi bi t i on di l emmaspos i tt hatal l f eas i bl eac t i onsar e f or bi dden. 4.Si ngl eagentandmul t i per sondi l emmasSi ngl eagentdi l emma" oughtal lt hi ngs c ons i der edt odoA,ought ,al l t hi ngs c ons i der ed,t odoB,ands hec annotdobot hA

andB. "Ont heot herhand,amul t i per s on di l emmapos i t st hatoneagent ,P1t odoA,a s ec ondagent ,P2,oughtt odoB.andt hough eac hagentc andowhatheoughtt odo,i ti s notpos s i bl ebot hf orP1t odoA andP2t odo P2. TenEmer gi ngEt hi calDi l emmas Hel i x-a di gi t al apps t or edes i gnedt or ead genomes . Bl essU2Popper -fi r s tr obotpr i es tand monk Emot i onSensi ng Faci alRecogni t i on-a s of t war ebei ngdev el opedt oas s essy our r eac t i onst oanyt hi ngsuc hass hoppi ngand pl ay i nggames . Ransomwar e-awayofhol di ngdat ahos t age t hr ought hebac ki ngandr equi r i ngar ans om t obe pai d. Text al yz er -adev i c et hatanal yz eswhet hera dr i v erwasus i nghi sorherphonedur i ngan ac c i dent . Soci alCr edi tSyst em-as y s t em ofs cor i ng c i t i z enst hr ought hei rac t i onsbypl aci ngt hem undercons t antsur v ei l l ance. Googl eCl i ps-ahands f r eecamer at hatl et st he us ercapt ur eev er ymomenteffor t l es s l y . Sent enci ngSof t war e-amy s t er i ousal gor i t hm des i gnedt oandc our t si ns ent enci ngdeci s i ons . Fr i endbot -anappt hats t or est hedeceas ed' s di gi t al f oot pr i nts oonec ans t i l l c hatwi t ht hem. Ci t i z enApp-anappt hatnot i fi esus er sof ongoi ngc r i mesormaj orev ent si nas pec i fi car ea. Whati sSoci alI mpl i cat i on? Thesoci ali mpl i cat i onsofanev entorac t i onar e t her es ul t s ,ons oc i et yorpar tofs oci et y ,oft he ev entort heac t i on.Thei deaofs oci ali mpl i c at i ons c anal sobeex t endedt oal aworapol i c y ,t hati s ,a pl anneds etofr epeat edac t i ons . 1.Per sonal i zedgenet i ct est s/ per sonal i z ed medi ci ne Wi t hi nt hel ast10y ear s ,t hec r eat i onoff as t ,l owc os tgenet i cs equenc i nghasgi v ent hepubl i c di r ectac c esst ogenomes equenci ngandanal y s i s , wi t hl i t t l eornogui dancef r om phy s i c i ansor genet i ccouns el or sonhowt opr oc es st he i nf or mat i on.Whatar et hepot ent i alpr i v ac yi s s ues , andhowdowepr ot ectt hi sv er yper s onaland pr i v at ei nf or mat i on?Ar eweheadedt owar danew er aoft her apeut i ci nt er v ent i ont oi ncr eas et he qual i t yofl i f eoranewer aofeugeni c s ?

2.Hacki ngi nt omedi caldevi cesI mpl ant edmedi cal dev i ces ,s uc haspac emak er s , ar esus c ept i bl et ohac k er s .Bar nabyJ ac k ,of s ec ur i t yv endorI OAc t i v e,r ec ent l ydemonst r at ed t hev ul ner abi l i t yofapac emak erbybr eac hi ngt he s ec ur i t yoft hewi r el es sdev i cef r om hi sl apt opand r epr ogr ammi ngi tt odel i v eran830v ol ts hoc k . Howdowemak es ur et hes edev i c esar es ec ur e ? 3.Dr i ver l essZi pcar s I nt hr ees t at es-Nev ada,Fl or i da,andCal i f or ni ai ti snowl egal f orGoogl et ooper at ei t sdr i v er l es s c ar s .Googl e' sgoali st oc r eat eaf ul l yaut omat ed v ehi cl et hati ss af erandmor eeffect i v et hana humanoper at edv ehi c l e,andt hecompanypl ans t omar r yt hi si deawi t ht hec onceptoft heZi pc ar . 4.3Dpr i nt i ng Sc i ent i s t sar eat t empt i ngt ous e3Dpr i nt i ngt o c r eat eev er y t hi ngf r om ar c hi t ec t ur al model st o humanor gans ,butwec oul dbel ook i ngataf ut ur e i nwhi c hwecanpr i ntper s onal i z ed phar mac eut i c al sorhomepr i nt edgunsand ex pl osi v es . 5.Adapt at i ont ocl i mat echange Thedi ffer ent i al s us cept i bi l i t yofpeopl ear oundt he wor l dt oc l i mat ec hangewar r ant sanet hi c al di s c us si on.Weneedt oi dent i f yeffec t i v eands af e wa y st ohel ppeopl edealwi t ht heeffec t sof c l i mat ec hange,aswel l asl ear nt omanageand mani pul at ewi l ds pec i esandnat ur ei nor dert o pr es er v ebi odi v er s i t y .Someoft hes eadapt at i on s t r at egi esmi ghtbehi ghl yt ec hni c al ( e. g.bui l di ng s eawal l st os t em offs eal ev el r i se) ,butot her sar e s oc i alandc ul t ur al ( e. g. ,c hangi ngagr i c ul t ur al pr ac t i ces ) . 6.Lowqual i t yandcount er f ei t phar maceut i cal s Unt i l r ecent l y ,det ect i ngl owqual i t yandc ount er f ei t phar mac eut i c al sr equi r edac ces st ocompl ex t es t i ngequi pment ,of t enunav ai l abl ei ndev el opi ng c ount r i eswher et hes epr obl emsabound. 7.Aut onomoussyst ems Mac hi nes( bot hf orpeac ef ul pur pos esandf or war fi ght i ng)ar ei nc r eas i ngl yev ol v i ngf r om humanc ont r ol l edt oaut omat ed,t oaut onomous ,wi t ht he abi l i t yt oac tont hei rownwi t houthumani nput . 8.Humanani malhybr i ds( chi mer as) Sof ars c i ent i s t shav ek epthumanani mal hy br i ds ont hec el l ul arl ev el .

9.Ensur i ngaccesst owi r el essandspect r um Mobi l ewi r el es sconnec t i vi t yi shav i ngapr of ound effec tons oc i et yi nbot hdev el opedand dev el opi ngc ount r i es .Theset echnol ogi esar e c ompl et el yt r ans f or mi nghowwec ommuni c at e, c onduc tbusi nes s ,l ear n,f or mr el at i onshi ps , nav i gat e,andent er t ai nour s el v es .Att hes ame t i me,gov er nmentagenc i esi nc r eas i ngl yr el yon t her adi os pect r um f ort hei rc r i t i cal mi s s i ons .Thi s c onfl uenceofwi r el es st ec hnol ogydev el opment s ands oc i et alneedspr es ent snumer ousc hal l enges andoppor t uni t i esf ormaki ngt hemos teffec t i v e us eoft her adi os pect r um. 10.Dat acol l ect i onandpr i vacy Howof t endowec onsi dert hemas s i v eamount sof dat awegi v et oc ommer ci al ent i t i eswhenweus e s oc i al medi a,s t or edi s c ountc ar ds ,oror dergoods v i at heI nt er net ?Nowt hatmi c r opr oc es s or sand per manentmemor yar ei nex pensi v et ec hnol ogy , weneedt ot hi nkaboutt heki ndsofi nf or mat i on t hats houl dbecol l ec t edandr et ai ned. 11.Humanenhancement s Phar maceut i c al ,s ur gi cal ,mec hani c al ,and neur ol ogi cal enhancement sar eal r eadyav ai l abl e f ort her apeut i cpur pos es .Butt heses ame enhanc ement scanbeus edt omagni f yhuman bi ol ogi cal f unc t i onbey ondt hes oc i et al nor m. Whati sAnt ecedent ? Ant ecedent -i ti sdefinedasapr ec ur s ort ot he unf ol di ngorex i st enc eofs omet hi ng. Thus ,hi s t or i cal ant ecedent si ns c i enceand t ec hnol ogyar ef act or st hatpav edt hewayf ort he pr es enc eofadv anc edands ophi s t i c at eds c i ent i fi c andt ec hnol ogi cal i nnov at i onst oday . SomeI nvent i onsDur i ngAnci entTi mes Anci entWheel -Peopl e f r om anc i entci v i l i z at i ons us edani mal sf or t r ans por t at i onl ongbef or e t hei nv ent i onoft hewheel . Nooneknowswhoex ac t l y i nv ent edt hewheel andwhen.Ther ei s ,howev er , agener al agr eementt hatt heanc i entwheel gr ew outofamec hani c aldev i c ecal l edt hepot t er ' s wheel -aheavyflatdi s kmadeupofhar denedc l ay whi c hwass punhor i z ont al l yonanax i s .The i nv ent i onoft hewheeli sof t enc r edi t edt ot he Sumer i anss i ncenoot her anc i entci v i l i z at i onuseda

s i mi l ardev i c eatt het i me.Today ,car s ,c ar t s , bi c y cl es ,andt r uc k sar ej us ts omeoft hemany offs hoot soft hewheel si nv ent edbyt he Sumer i ans . Paper -Roughl yar ound3000B. C. ,t heanc i ent Egy pt i ansbeganwr i t i ngonpapy r us ,amat er i al s i mi l art ot hi c kpaper .Papy r usi smadef r om t he pi t hoft hepapy r uspl antc y per uspapy r us .I ti s l i ght wei ght ,s t r ong,dur abl e,andpor t abl e.Bef or e t heEgy pt i ansi nv ent edt hepapyr us ,t hewr i t i ng wasdoneons t one.Wi t ht headv entoft he papy r us ,doc ument at i on,andr ecor dk eepi ng bec omeeffic i ent ,wi des pr ead,andv ast .Thr ough i t sus e,i nf or mat i ondi s s emi nat i onbecame ex ponent i al l yf as t er .r ecor dswer ek eptands t ood t het es toft i mes . Shadoof -Thes hadoofwasanear l yt ool i nv ent ed andus edbyEgypt i anst oi r r i gat el and.I ti sa handoper at eddev i ceus edf orl i f t i ngwat er .I t s i nv ent i oni nt r oduc edt hei deaofl i f t i ngt hi ngsusi ng c ount er wei ght s .Becaus eoft hi si nv ent i on, i r r i gat i onandf ar mi ngbec amemuc hmor e effic i ent .Thes hadoofi sal s obel i ev edt obean anc i entpr ecur s orofmor esophi st i c at edi r r i gat i on t ool s .Pl eas ec l i c kt hev i deot owat c hhowt he s hadoofi sbei ngmadeandus ed. Ant i kyt her aMechani sm-Ev enbef or et he i nv ent i onoft heant ecedent soft hemoder n c omput er ,t heGr eek shadal r eadyi nv ent edt he anc i entwor l d' sanal ogc omput eror r er y . Di s cov er edi n1902andr et r i ev edf r om t hewat er s ofAnt i ky t her a,Gr eec e.Ant i k yt her amec hani sm i s s i mi l art oamant el cl oc kandi ti sknownas ant ec edent sofmoder nc l ockwor k . Aeol i pi l e-Al s oknownast heHer o' sengi ne,t he aeol i pi l ei swi del ybel i ev edt obet heanc i ent pr ec ur s oroft hes t eam engi ne.I ti sas t eampower edt ur bi net hats punwhent hewat er c ont ai nerati t scent erwasheat ed,t husmak i ngi t pr ac t i cal l yt hefi r s tr udi ment ar ys t eam engi ne. SomeI nvent i onsDur i ngt heMedi evalTi mes HeavyPl ough-Thi si soneoft hemos ti mpor t ant t ec hnol ogi c ali nnov at i onsdur i ngt hemi ddl eages . Theheav ypl ought ur nedEur opeanagr i c ul t ur e andec onomyoni t shead.Cl ays oi l ,despi t ei t s bei ngmor ef er t i l et hant hel i ght ert y pesofs oi l , wasnotc ul t i v at edbecaus eofi t sheavy wei ght . Howev er ,t hr ought hei nv ent i onoft hepl ough,i t

bec amepos s i bl et ohar nes sc l ays oi l .Pr of es s or ThomasBer nebec kAnder s enoft heUni v er si t yof Sout her nDenmar ks uc ci nct l ydes c r i best he i mpac toft hei nv ent i onoft heheavypl ough:" The heavypl ought ur nedt heEur opeanagr i c ul t ur eand ec onomyoni t shead.Suddenl y ,t hefi el dwi t ht he heavy ,f at t y ,andmoi s tc l ays oi l became t hos e t hatgav et hegr eat es ty i el ds . "Bec auseoft hi s , Eur ope,par t i c ul ar l yi t snor t her nt er r i t or i es ,s aw r api deconomi cpr os per i t y .t heheavypl ough s t i r r edanagr i c ul t ur al r ev ol ut i oni nNor t her n Eur opemar k edbyhi gherandheal t hi er agr i c ul t ur aly i el ds . Gunpowder -Ar ound850A. D. ,Chi nes e c i vi l i z at i onsal c hemi s t sacc i dent al l yi nv ent edbl ac k powderorgunpowder .Mul t i pl eac count ss ugges t t hatt hegunpowdermi ghthav ebeenan uni nt endedby pr oduc tofat t empt smadebyt he Chi nes et oi nv entt heex i l i rofl i f e,whi c hi swhy t heChi nes ec al l edi thuoy aoort r ans l at edas" fi r e pot i on. "Pr i ort ot hei nv ent i onoft hegunpowder , s wor dsands pear swer eus edi nbat t l esandwar s . T owar dst heendoft he13t hcent ur y ,t heex pl os i v e i nv ent i onc r epti nt omos tpar t sofEur opeand As i a.Si ncei t si nv ent i on,t hegunpowderhas al l owedf ormor eadv anc edwar f ar e.f r om fi er y ar r owst ocannonsandgr enades ,gunpowderhas pr ompt edt hef oundat i onf ort hef unct i onal i t yof al mos tev er ynewweaponus edi nwars i ncei t s i nv ent i on.I tus her edi nanunpr ec edent ed adv anc ementi nwar f ar eandcombatt hr oughout t heMi ddl eAges . PaperMoney-Al t houghi twasnotunt i l t he17t h c ent ur yt hatbanknot esbegant obeus edi n Eur ope,t hefi r s tknownv er s i onsofpapermoney c oul dbet r ac edbac kt ot heChi nes ei n17t h c ent ur yADasanoffs hootoft hei nv ent i onofbl ock pr i nt i ng,whi c hi ssi mi l art os t ampi ng.Bef or et he i nt r oduct i onofpapermoney ,pr ec i ousmet al s , s uc hasgol dands i l v erwer eus edasc ur r enc y . Howev er ,t hei deaofas s i gni ngv al uet oamar k ed pi eceofpaperdi dnoti mmedi at el ybec ome popul ar .i nf ac t ,whent heMongol sat t empt edt o i nt r oducepapermoneyi nt ot heMi ddl eeas t mar k eti nt he13t hcent ur y ,i tdi dnotgai n i mmedi at es ucc es s .Nonet hel es s ,t r ader sand mer c hant sev ent ual l yr eal i z edt hehugeadv ant age ofus i ngpapermoneybecaus ei twaseas i ert o

t r ans por tar oundc ompar edt ot hepr ev i ousf or ms ofc ur r enc y . Mechani calCl ock-Al t houghdev i c esf or t i mek eepi ngandr ec or di ngs pr ungf r om anc i ent t i mes ,s uchast heAnt i ky t her amec hani sm,i twas notunt i l t hemi ddl eagest hatc l oc kwor k t ec hnol ogywasdev el oped.Thedev el opmentof mec hani cal c l oc k spav edt hewayf orac cur at el y k eepi ngt r ac kt het i me. Spi nni ngWheel -Amac hi neusedf or t r ans f or mi ngfi beri nt ot hr eadory ar nand ev ent ual l ywov eni nt oc l ot honal oom.Pl eas ecl i c k t hel i nkt owat c ht hev i deoaboutt heSpi nni ng Wheel ofI ndi a.TheSpi nni ngWheel encour aged t hedev el opmentoft hei ndus t r yoff abr i c s ,c l ot hes , andr el at edpr oduct s . Pr i nt i ngPr ess-Af t ert heChi nes edev el opedt he woodbl ockpr i nt i ng,JohannGut t enber gwasabl e t oi nv entt hepr i nt i ngpr es s ,amor er el i abl ewayof pr i nt i ngus i ngacas tt y pe .Heut i l i z edwooden mac hi nest hatex t r act edj ui c esf r om f r ui t s , at t ac hedt ot hem amet al i mpr ess i onoft hel et t er s , andpr es s edfi r ml yt hecas tmet al i nt oapi ec eof paper ,whi cht henmadeanex ac ti mpr es s i onon paper .Thi sgener ali nv ent i onsoonev ol v edt obea mec hani cal pr i nt i ngpr es swhi c hev ent ual l yus ed al l ov ert hewor l d. SomeI nvent i onsDur i ngt heModer nAge CompoundMi cr oscope-ADut c hs pect ac l e mak ernamedZachar i asJ ans eni sc r edi t edf ort he i nv ent i onoft hefi r s tcompoundmi c r os c opei n 1590.Toget herwi t hhi sf at herHans ,Zac har i as beganexper i ment i ngwi t hl ens esbyput t i ng t oget hers ev er al l ens esonat ube.Thi sl edt oan amaz i ngdi s c ov er yt hatanobj ect ,whe...