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LESSON III: Roles of Science and Technology and Nation Building Overview: Science technology and nation building revolves around why science is taught, why science is needed, importance of it, and what is our standing when it comes to Science. It also discusses different agencies related to science and how research concerning science was funded. Lastly, how science technology was related to nation building especially in our country. Lesson objectives: • Discuss the role of Science and Technology in Philippine nation building • Evaluate government policies pertaining to science and technology in terms of their contributions to nation building • Identify actual science and technology policies of the government and appraise their impact on the development of the Filipino nation Course materials: Contributions of Science and Technology in: 1. ARTS “Innovation starts when arts meet science and technology”. Arts, Science, Technology and Society are now interlinked more than ever before, with technology being a fundamental force in the evolution of art. The fact that technology started to rise during that era made the emergence of new mediums and means for artists. Art is becoming less and less static, taking up many new different shapes, from printing digitally created sculptures in 3D to flash-mobs to photographers lining up hundreds of naked volunteers on the beach. a. Preserving and conserving art cultural heritage - we must remember that artwork, like all of antiquity, is at the mercy of time: time brings prolonged exposure to light, moisture, dust, and other elements of nature that cause artwork to become dirty and often permanently damaged. Engineers, however, are applying technology to the field of artwork restoration with exciting results. Two of these technologies, laser ablation and bacteria, have the potential to restore safely a work of art to its original condition, as it was conceived by the artist. b. Visual Arts Innovation - Artists started transitioning from being painters and sculptures that used paint and cement into digital artists and 3D artists, using imaging software and different materials to create works of art. In the past, painting and drawing depended on the artist’s skills in wielding his traditional tools - the brush, the pencil, charcoal or pastels. The artist, through conventional and calculated steps, was in control of the density of color, the degrees of the different shades, the realism or abstraction of his work of art. Artists today, on the other hand, operate with clicks of the mouse, video tools and digital colors, which even if they ostensibly mimic old traditional tools with respect to performance, are still radically different with regard to usage and wielding techniques and to the means to achieve the desired artistic effect from them.

c. Helping arts organizations extend their impact - The internet and digital media provide an amazing opportunity for arts organizations to extend the impact of the arts. A live performance can be complemented greatly by opportunities for further engagement and education, and the ability to share information online maximizes our ability to provide these opportunities at a more in-scale investment ratio. The function of science and technology has been actively creating a great impact at arts innovation including its kind (Visual, Architecture, Literature, etc.). However aside from its pros, it also brought cons for artist. Due to increasing knowledge on how to use technology for presenting arts, Artists today find it more challenging than ever to present original and innovative ideas, and they need to exert themselves and stretch their imagination to succeed. And I think it is a kind of adventure for the entire artist out there. 2. LITERATURE a. Speech is often the most overlooked medium in histories of globalization. Yet the oral medium– human speech – is the oldest and most enduring of all media. Over hundreds of thousands of years, despite numerous changes undergone by humans and their societies, the very first and last humans will share at least one thing – the ability to speak. b. Script some histories of media technology skip this stage or give it brief mention as a transition between oral cultures and cultures of the printing press. But the era was crucial for globalization and media. c. Writing has its own evolution and developed from cave paintings, petroglyphs, and hieroglyphs. Early writing systems began to appear after 3000 BCE, with symbols carved into clay tablets to keep account of trade. These ‘cuneiform’ marks later developed into symbols that represented the syllables of languages and eventually led to the creation of alphabets, the scripted letters that represent the smallest sounds of a language. These alphabets, learned now in pre-schools around the world, were central to the evolution of humankind and its civilizations. But script needed to be written on something. Writing surfaces even have their own evolution. d. In Printing Press, production and copying of written documents was slow, cumbersome, and expensive. The papyrus, parchment, and paper that spread civilizations were the province of a select, powerful few. Reading and writing, too, were practices of the ruling and religious elite. The rich and powerful controlled information. With the advent of the printing press, first made with movable wooden blocks in China and then with movable metal type by Johannes Gutenberg in Germany, reading material suddenly was cheaply made and easily circulated. Millions of books, pamphlets, and flyers were produced, reproduced, and circulated. Literacy followed, and the literacy of common people was to revolutionize every aspect of life. Newspapers could report information instantaneously. With these evolution, we could easily cite the help of science in the innovation of how we express ourselves. 3. MUSIC

a. Phonograph-in1887, the monstrous phonograph was invented by Thomas Edison. In the same way a record player works, the needle ran over grooves in a disk, which created faint vibrations of the music. The needle would also vibrate a diaphragm, from where the sounds would be amplified (thus the huge horn). b. Record Player/Jukebox – (vinyl discs), though record players had basically the same premise as the phonograph, the technology was vastly improved. The use of vinyl records became a mainstream form of playing music. Flat disk records and jukeboxes gained momentous popularity. c. Radio - around 1912, people began to use radio waves to broadcast music. After World War I, radio stations began to pop up more frequently. However, the beginnings of radio broadcast of music were faced with some backlash. People were stuck in their ways and thought that radio waves should only be used to spread information, not entertainment. d. Track - Basically a bulkier cassette tape, the 8 track was exactly what it sounds like – a tape with eight tracks on it. Despite its apparent capability to play music at a high resolution, the number of design flaws in 8 track technology led to easy wear-down and muddled sound. e. Cassette Tapes - Once cassette tapes proved to be a viable alternative for 8 tracks, they quickly stole the market. Not only were they capable of the same music quality, but they were also smaller and more portable than the bulky 8 track tapes. Smaller size also meant smaller tape decks in vehicles, along with easier storage. f. Walkman - Though the creation of the Walkman goes along with the cassette era, it’s existence changed the world of music technology. With the invention of the Walkman, music become portable and a whole new realm of possibilities became apparent. g. Compact Disc - In the 1980s, the first CDs for commercial use became available. Though digital recording had been used since the 1960s, it wasn’t standardized until the 1980s. Once it was standardized, businesses could test their luck with the new industry. Portable CD players made them just as convenient, if not more convenient, than the out-of-date Walkman. h. Mp3 Player - with the invention of MP3 player, playing music reached the peak of convenience. As the coding improved, so did the sound quality. These devices were super portable and perfect for music lovers of the time. Tons of sites popped up that promoted pirating music, such as Limewire and Napster. To the dismay of college students of the time, most similar sites were taken down. i. Ipod - from the time it came out to present day, iPods have dominated the music

playing world. When the iPod came out, it was the belle of the ball. Despite other music playing devices and advancements over the years, no others have beclouded the glimmering reputation of the iPod and other Apple music devices. j. Streaming Sites - Nowadays, most of our music is played from our computers or phones. When it became a hassle to download and organize all of our musics onto different devices, streaming sites seem to point towards the future of music listening. Sites like Pandora, iHeart Radio, iTunes and Spotify are pulling huge audiences to their services. Who wouldn’t want a constant stream of seemingly boundless options? Yes, please. 4. THEATER ARTS Like any art form, theater is a reflection of society. It tells stories of our history, our culture, and events we live through today. That means theater is also molded by our society. Technology has changed the stage, from local productions in churches all the way up to Broadway. Designers and theater students aren’t just learning basic principles of acting and directing; they’re also learning how to use technology to enhance their visions. Here is how technology is changing theater and why the next generation of designers will be tech experts. Theater is Thriving in the Age of Technology. In an article for the Northeastern College of Arts and Sciences, Greg St. Martin writes that theater is often called “the fabulous invalid” because it has always been viewed as a dying art ever since the advent of the radio (and then television, and then internet streaming). a. Technology Makes it Easier to Find and Change Sound - Sound design is one of the most subtle ways for a theater to move a production. While the actors, sets, and even lights are highly visible, sound is heard — and more often, felt. b. Technology Opens the Door for Better Sounds Faster - In many ways, the internet has lowered barriers for sound designers to find the exact music and noises they need to move a production. Today, he can look up sound effects in a few minutes and build them into a show. With a few keystrokes, he can layer sounds to set the whole scene. c. Microphone Technology Also Improves Live Performances - Not only is technology advancing how today’s sound designers find sound, but it’s also giving them the tools to place mics and set up acoustics for better performances. In an article for SoundGirls.org, Yvonne Gilbert tells her experience of making actors in Rent. If the goal of theatre is to immerse audiences in the message, then improvements to sound technology and mics can only improve the transformative experience. 5.AGRICULTURE Agriculture is the field in science wherein it concerns with the different techniques of land cultivation, crops and livestock raising, or otherwise, farming. President Benigno Aquino 111 Father of Organic Agriculture. Scientific and technological advances have greatly impacted the agriculture industry. The innovation of machineries in terms of farming Machines replaced the need for labor work.

How did GPS become so beneficial to farmers? GPS is used for farm planning, field mapping, solid sampling, tractor guidance and crop scouting. It also allows farmers to work during low visibility field conditions such as rain, dust, fog and darkness. GPS have replaced human eyes and experienced guesswork in tractor guidance, field location, leveling and a number of other tasks. Through science, they were able to develop varieties of rice through hybrids like MAGAT, MESTIZO, and PANAYAN but only the Mestizo is currently available for planting. According to them , the taste of mestizo is comparable to the normal grain. ONLY in the PHILIPPINES: SOLAR-POWERED WATER MONITORING SYSTEM SOLAR LIGHT (solar powered street lamps) MINI WEATHER STATION- Provides localized weather information farmers can use to make better decisions regarding their crops. FLOATING FARM- It is made of bamboo and empty plastic bottles as floaters. So this technique is ideal for farming communities that live near marshes or rivers. New technologies allow the Philippine farms to be optimized to increase the income of rice farmers and improve productivity. Industry - production of goods/services Commerce - exchange of goods and services 6. INDUSTRY: a. Technology Use for Innovation - "Machine Replaced for Labor Work." Examples: liquid filling machine, packaging machine, laser cutting machine, CNC machine, laser engraving machine, CNC router b. Technology Use for Security Example:CCTV–(Closed Curcuit Television) also known as VIDEO SURVIELLANCE. CCTV serves as panoticon - visible from one single point. CCTV was invented in 1942, during World War II. It was built to observe the launch of rockets in the war. c. Technology Use For Advertising Example:Electonic Bulletin Board - started in 1973, was developed by Ward Christenen and Randy Senses. 7. HEALTH, WELLNESS AND AESTHETICS Health is the study, research, and knowledge of health and the application of that knowledge to improve health, cure diseases, and understanding how humans and animals function. Science together with technology helped the current Medical Institutes and the people in gathering information. Scientific research has already helped to improve treatment for numerous illnesses and serious health conditions. Trials for medications and methods of treatment have improved the care of many patients and helped to make their recovery less distressing and painful. Research enables health care professionals to gain all the necessary information to make well-informed decisions with regard to which methods or treatments to use; this not only implies effective treatment but also improves the efficiency of patient care, as well as saving a huge amount of

money. Scientific research has saved millions of lives and continued research will almost certainly save many more in the future. Technology is constantly evolving and is particularly important in the health care setting. Technology enables physicians to provide optimum care and allows patients the best possible aids for recovery, whether they are down to get a cancer treatment of even a vasectomy reversal. Technology has undoubtedly saved millions of lives and benefitted several areas of patient care; this looks set to continue in the future. Here is some medical technology in health and wellness: 1.Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Computerized Tomography (CT)-These two medical technologies seem like standard procedures today, hinting at their significant impact on healthcare. The first whole-body MRI scanner was constructed 1977 by Dr. Damadian, which he dubbed the “Indomitable” and CT scans were developed by Sir Godfrey Hounsfield and Dr. Alan Cormack, for which they were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1979. 2.Laser Surgeries - Laser surgeries were first used to correct vision, but today their use spans across many medical and cosmetic procedures. Whether used for corrective eye surgeries, cosmetic dermatology, or the removal of precancerous lesions, Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (LASER) allows for accurate focus on very small areas of the body. 3.Health IT (Especially Mobile/Wireless Devices)- Fortunately, today’s physicians no longer have to dig through piles of books and case studies to find the information they need to help a patient. Now they can look up information, access patient records, and view digital medical information in seconds, no matter where they are located. In fact, nearly 82% of physicians are projected to use smartphones in 2012. 4.Modern Telehealth - Telehealth is helping to significantly reduce the number of ER visits and hospitalizations around the world. By combining powerful telecommunications technology and healthcare advancements, patients and doctors can connect like never before without consideration for geographical boundaries. Telehealth supports more efficient diagnosis, treatment, and care management for patients by enabling doctors to share and access diagnostic images, video, and patient data. 5.Mind controlled wheelchairs - Researchers have developed a wheelchair that works in tandem with a cap that is inserted on the patient’s head, over the motor cortex of the brain, and monitors the electrodes so that if the patient thinks simple commands such as ‘forward’ or ‘go left’ or moving towards specific objects that the patient wants to go to.Many times, things seem too good to be true. Medicine has changed and developed so much that procedures and inventions that sounded unbelievable only a few years ago are becoming a reality. In the same way, an affordable insurance that takes out all the difficult bits and makes things easier for you, the consumer, seems quite farfetched. As SA's first fully underwritten digital insurer, Indie has changed the Life insurance game. By designing products from the ground up for an internet generation, they've cut

out the tedious admin and complex jargon, making everything more convenient for the consumer. Indie-Fin offers a customized plan with a range of products from death income protection, funeral cover, disability cover, critical illness cover and life insurance. And every policy comes with a wealth creating Investment at no extra cost. 6.Do-It-Yourself Glasses - Nearsighted atomic physicist Josh Silver had a vision. If he could design a pair of glasses, he could adjust himself, maybe others would want them too. After ten years, the Oxford professor discovered that liquid–specifically silicone oil–was the key. To make the lenses, he filled two flexible membranes with the oil and encased them in hard plastic. Now for the self-adjustment: To make the glasses stronger, you twist a plastic dial on each lens to add more liquid, which changes the shape of the lens. Specs too strong? Twist the other way, removing a bit of oil. There’s a cause greater than one’s own convenience too. Think of places like sub-Saharan Africa, where there’s one optometrist for every million people. A pair of glasses that lasts forever takes on new meaning there. Now retired, Silver has started a nonprofit with a goal of distributing 1 billion pairs to poor nations. We’ll see them here in the next few years. 7.Needle-Free Vaccines - In Boston University researchers are working on a new method of inoculation–no injection necessary. The vaccine is deposited inside nanoparticles, each no bigger than a human pore. These particles are then applied to a foil-backed film that is placed on the skin much like a nicotine patch. A mild electrical charge from a small device, shaped like a gun, is used to drive the particles into the skin, where they’re transported into the body. The new idea beats the old needle method: no need to buy syringes and no need to fill them either. And nobody will miss the pain. ‘It’s easier for both doctor and patient’, says David Sherr, PhD, the BU professor of environmental health who has developed the technology with engineering professor Mark Horenstein. A pilot study is under way. 8.Fun and Functional Fitness – It’s soccer’s newest utility player: A ball called the sOccket generates and stores energy as players kick it, then provides energy at home. Fifteen minutes on the field captures enough energy to power a small light for three hours and may help people in developing nations replace kerosene, a leading cause of respiratory illness and fires. Working on the principle of flashlights that charge when shaken, the sOccket is the brainchild of Harvard students Jessica Lin, Julia Silverman, Jessica Matthews, and Hemali Thakkar and is being funded by the Clinton Global Initiative University and the Walmart Foundation. The ball will be sold in the U.S. as a high-end cell phone charger, and profits will provide low-cost balls to Third World nations. 9.No-Drill Dental Work-Blasting through a decaying tooth to reach a cavity can...