Student Exploration Cell Division PDF

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Date: Wednesday, April 8, 2020

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Student Exploration: Cell Division Vocabulary: cell division, centriole, centromere, chromatid, chromatin, chromosome, cytokinesis, DNA, interphase, mitosis

Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.) 1. Cells reproduce by splitting in half, a process called cell division. What do cells need to do between divisions to make sure that they don’t just get smaller and smaller? -

Before mitosis begins, cells must double their genetic material, grow in size, and double other organelles. The growth of the cells as a preparation for division occurs during the G2 stage of interphase. Cells will grow until mitosis begins. This way it is ensured that cells don't get smaller and smaller from one division to another.

Read more on Brainly.com - https://brainly.com/question/253401#readmore 2. The genetic information of a cell is carried in its DNA (short for deoxyribonucleic acid). What do cells need to do between divisions to make sure that a full set of DNA gets passed on to each daughter cell? -

The DNA must be copied so there is a full  set of DNA to pass  on to each daughter cell.

Gizmo Warm-up On the SIMULATION pane of the Cell Division G  izmo, check that the Cycle Length is set to 12 hours. Click Play ( ), observe until the maximum number of cells is shown, and then click Pause ( ). 1. Look at the cells. Do they all look the same? - No 2. Cells that are in the process of dividing are said to be in mitosis or cytokinesis. Cells that are not dividing are in interphase. Check the Magnify box and move the cursor over the cells.

A. Of the 100 cells shown, how many are in the process of dividing? -

Approximately 12 B. Select the BAR CHART tab, and turn on Show numerical values. How many cells are in the interphase stage of their life cycle?

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81 C. Based on these two observations, would you say that a cell spends most of its life cycle in interphase or in mitosis/cytokinesis?

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Based on my results, I would say that a cell spends. most of its life cycle in interphase

Get the Gizmo ready: Activity A: Phases of the cell cycle

● Click Reset ( ). ● Select the DESCRIPTION tab. ● Click on the right arrow once so that Interphase is shown.

Question: What are the stages of the cell cycle? 1. Observe: Click Play and hold the cursor over the cell. Observe the cell as it divides several times. (This happens quickly!) What do you notice happening during this process? -

I notice how the cell begins to change and split off into the daughter cells

2. Summarize: On the DESCRIPTION pane, read about each phase in the cell cycle. In the spaces below, sketch the cell in each phase and summarize what occurs in your own words. Phase

Sketch

Summary

Interphase

Interphase is when the cell gets supplements and processes them, develops, peruses its DNA, and behaves other "typical" cell capacities. This stage is referred as its resting stage

Prophase

Prophase is the main period of mitosis, the procedure that isolates the copied hereditary material conveyed in the core of a parent cell into two indistinguishable girl cells. During prophase, the complex of DNA and proteins contained in the core, known as chromatin, collect.

Metaphase

Metaphase is a phase of mitosis in the eukaryotic cell cycle in which chromosomes are at their second-most dense and twined arrangement.

Anaphase

Anaphase, is the phase of mitosis after the procedure of metaphase, when imitated chromosomes are part and the

recently replicated chromosomes (daughter chromatids) are moved to inverse posts of the cell.

Telophase

Telophase is the procedure that isolates the copied hereditary material conveyed in the core of a parent cell into two indistinguishable little girl cells. Telophase starts once the reproduced, matched chromosomes have been isolated and pulled to inverse sides, or posts, of the cell.

Cytokinesis

Cytokinesis is the physical procedure of cell division, which partitions the cytoplasm of a parental cell into two girl cells. It happens simultaneously with two sorts of atomic division called mitosis and meiosis, which happen in creature cells.

(Activity A continued on next page)

Activity A (continued from previous page) 3. Analyze: Use your summaries and the Gizmo to answer the following questions: A. What are the four phases of mitosis? Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. B. During which phase is the DNA duplicated? Interphase C. What is the relationship between chromatin and chromosomes? The main difference is that chromatin consists of the unravelled condensed structure of DNA for the purpose of packaging into the nucleus whereas chromosome consists of the highest condensed structure of the DNA D. In which phase are chromatids pulled apart? Anaphase E. What is the role of the centrioles? The main function of the centriole is to help with cell division in animal cells. The centrioles help in the formation of the spindle fibers that separate the chromosomes during cell division (mitosis). F. In which phase does a new nuclear membrane develop? Telophase G. A cell has a single line of chromosomes. What is the phase? Metaphase H. During which three phases are individual chromosomes no longer visible? Interphase, telophase, and cytokinesis

4. Think and discuss: Why is it important that the cell’s DNA is duplicated before cell division? It is significant that DNA is copied before cell division since it guarantees that the daughter cells get the right measure of DNA.

5. Challenge: Human cells have 46 chromosomes. Each chromosome consists of a pair of identical chromatids attached together by a structure called a centromere. Once the chromosome has split, each chromatid is called a daughter chromosome. At the end of cytokinesis, how many daughter chromosomes will be found in each cell? Explain. Every daughter will have 46 daughter chromosomes. Every one of the 46 unique chromosomes parts into two daughter chromosomes, so there are two arrangements of 46 daughter chromosomes that end up in every cell.

Activity B:

Get the Gizmo ready: ● Click Reset. ● Select the TABLE tab.

Duration of phases

Question: What is the relative duration of each phase of the cell cycle? 1. Collect data: Set the C  ycle Length to 10 hours and click Play. Click Pause when the maximum number of cells has been reached. On the TABLE tab, click Record data. Record the number of cells in each phase of the cell cycle in the table below. Then click Play, wait for a while, and click Record data again. Repeat this process until you have recorded four sets of results, and then find the average number of cells in each phase. Trial

Interphase

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

Cytokinesis

1

79

11

2

2

2

4

2

86

8

2

2

2

2

3

79

11

4

2

3

1

4

80

10

4

2

2

2

Avg.

81

10

3

2

2.75

2.25

2. Analyze: Which phase of the cell cycle is longest? Interphase Shortest? Telophase Explain your answers: The interphase is the l ongest phase of the cell cycle because it is the stage during which all the preparation for cell division takes place Anaphase is considered the shortest stage of the cell cycle because this stage involves only the separation of sister chromatids and their migration 3. Calculate: You can use your data to estimate the duration of each phase of the cell cycle. For example, if 8% of the cells were in prophase and the cell cycle was 10 hours long, then prophase would last 8% of 10 hours, or 0.8 hours (48 minutes). Use percentages to estimate the duration of each phase of the cell cycle. Show your work. Interphase:

The percentage of 81 out of 101 = 80% 80% of 10 hours is 8 hours or 480 minutes

Prophase:

The percentage of 10 out of 101 = 10% 10% of 10 hours is 1 hour or 60 minutes

Metaphase:

The percentage of 3 out of 101 = 3% 3% of 10 hours is 18 minutes

Anaphase:

The percentage of 2 out of 101 = 2% 2% of 10 hours is 12 minutes

Telophase:

The percentage of 2.75 out of 101 = 3% 3% of 10 hours is 18 minutes

Cytokinesis:

The percentage of 2.25 out of 101 = 2.22% 2.22% of 10 hours is 13.22 minutes

Get the Gizmo ready: Extension: Cell populations

● Click Reset. ● Select the GRAPH tab. ● Set the Cycle Length to 5 hours.

Question: How quickly do cells multiply? 1. Collect data: Click P  lay to start a new simulation. Click Pause when the maximum number of cells is reached. View the total number of cells on the GRAPH tab. (Click the “–” button until the whole graph is visible.) Draw a sketch of this graph here. What is the general shape of the graph? A positive correlation (skewed to the right)

2. Analyze: Look closely at the graph. A. How long did it take to grow the first 20 cells? 24 hours B. How long did it take to grow the last 20 cells? 1 hour C. Would you say the rate of cell growth is increasing or decreasing? Explain. It is increasing because the rates are now quicker. 3. Extend your thinking: In living organisms, the cell cycle is closely regulated. What do you think will happen if cell division is not  controlled? Researchers state that one parent cell, or the isolating cell, structures two indistinguishable daughter cells (sort of like twins). ... In the event that the phone cycle isn't painstakingly controlled, it can cause a malady called malignancy, which makes cell division happen excessively quick. A tumor can result from this sort of development....