Study guide #1 micro PDF

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Infectious protein particles are called PRIONS The microorganisms that do not have a nucleus in their cells are called Prokaryotes All of the following are correct about prokaryotes They are smaller than eukaryotes. They lack a nucleus. They are less complex than eukaryotes. They are found nearly everywhere.

All of the following are correct about prokaryotes except They have organelles Which of the following diseases is transmitted by mosquitoes? Malaria The term heterotroph refers to an organism that Must obtain organic compounds for its carbon needs. The outcome of the Gram stain is based on differences in the cells CELL WALL Spirochetes have a twisting and flexing locomotion due to appendages called Periplasmic flagella (axial filaments) Larvae and eggs are developmental forms of Helminths. All of the following are helminths Pinworms, flukes, roundworms, tapeworms Not Helminths Trypanosomes Host cells of viruses include Bacteria, Plants, Fungi, Protozoa & Algae, Human & other Animals In the cell, energy released by electrons is often used to phosphorylate ADP

Viruses Cannot be seen in a light microscope Which is incorrect about chocolate agar? It has chocolate extract in it. Which of the following is not considered a microorganism? Mosquito Helical and icosahedral are terms used to describe the shapes of a virus Capsid The movement of substances from lower to higher concentration across a semipermeable membrane that must have a specific protein carrier and USE energy is called Active transport. The movement of substances from higher to lower concentration across a semipermeable membrane that must have a specific protein carrier but NO ENERGY expenditure is called Facilitated diffusion The use of energy by a cell to enclose a substance in its membrane by forming a vacuole and engulfing it is called Endocytosis Cilia are found in certain Protozoa. The motile, feeding stage of protozoa is called the Trophozoite. Which of the following is found in Eukaryotic cells but not in Prokaryotic cells? Nucleus, Mitochondria, Endoplasmic reticulum & Lysosomes Bacteria that require special growth factors and complex organic substances are called Fastidious. Disease-causing microorganisms are called Pathogens The transfer of genes during bacterial conjugation involves rigid, tubular appendages called Sex pili Which of the following diseases probably involves microbial infection? Gastric ulcers, Female infertility, Coronary artery disease, & cervical cancer

A technique that separates a readable pattern of DNA fragments is Gel electrophoresis Enzymes are Proteins that function as catalysts. Enzymes that can function at boiling water temperatures or other harsh conditions would be termed Extremozymes When patient tissues are transfected with viruses carrying a needed, normal human gene, the technique is called Gene therapy The RNA molecules that carry amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis are called Transfer RNA Creutzfeld-Jacob disease is A spongiform encephalopathy of humans

Endospores are Metabolically inactive. Resistant to heat and chemical destruction. Resistant to destruction by radiation. Living structures. Resting cells

Endospores More frequent in GRAM POSITIVE Bacteria .ONE gram negative bacterium; Coxiella Burnetii Can produce endospores resistant to heat & temperature

The virus-induced, specific damage to the host cell that can be seen in a light microscope is called Cytopathic effects The most immediate result of destruction of a cell's ribosomes would be

Protein synthesis would stop The organelle involved in intracellular digestion of food particles is the Lysosomes The easiest microbial forms to kill or inhibit are Vegetative bacteria and fungi. Protists include Algae and protozoa The use of chemical agents directly on exposed body surfaces to destroy or inhibit vegetative pathogens is Antisepsis. Groups of three consecutive bases along the DNA of a gene have the code for one Amino acid. The process that destroys or removes all microorganisms and microbial forms including bacterial endospores is Sterilization. The function of bacterial endospores is Protection of genetic material during harsh conditions Chitin is a chemical component of the cell walls of Fungi Which common hospital pathogen is able to grow abundantly in soap dishes? Pseudomonas This microscope achieves the greatest resolution and highest magnification Electron HEPA filters are used to remove microbes from Air. Host range is limited by Type of host cell receptors on cell membrane Transgenic animals Can be engineered to become factories for manufacturing proteins. Are often obtained from germ line engineering. Will pass the genes on to their offspring.

Commonly include mice. A microbiologist inoculates Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli into a culture medium. Following incubation, only the E. coli grows in the culture. What is the most likely explanation? The culture medium must be selective. A microbiologist inoculates Staphylococcus aureus into a culture medium. Following incubation, both Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis are determined to be growing in this culture. What is the most likely explanation? The culture is contaminated. Which is mismatched? Plasmids - genes essential for growth and metabolism The specimen preparation that is best for viewing cell motility is Hanging drop. Microorganisms require small quantities of this nutrient for enzyme function and maintenance of protein structure: Trace element Organelles found in algae but not found in protozoa or fungi are the Chloroplasts Microbiological Media example are Broth. Enriched. Agar. & Gelatin Non microbiologial Media Petri Dish Formation of peptide bonds between amino acids to build a polypeptide would be called Anabolism. What is the correct sequence for a Gram stain? Crystal violet, Gram's iodine, alcohol, safranin Physical agents for controlling microbial growth include Ultraviolet radiation. Boiling water. HEPA filters. Pasteurization. Physical agents for controlling microbial growth include all the following except

Hydrogen peroxide. An organelle that is a stack of flattened, membranous sacs and functions to receive, modify, and package proteins for cell secretion is the Golgi apparatus. Viruses that cause infection resulting in alternating periods of activity with symptoms and inactivity without symptoms are called Latent. If a microbiologist is studying a specimen at a total magnification of 950X, what is the magnifying power of the objective lens is 10X? 95X Analysis of DNA fragments in gel electrophoresis involves Larger fragments move slowly and remain closer to the wells. DNA has an overall negative charge and moves to the positive pole. DNA fragments are stained to see them. An electric current through the gel causes DNA fragments to migrate. The antiparallel arrangement within DNA molecules refers to One helix strand that runs from the 5' to 3' direction and the other strand runs from the 3' to 5' direction. Sequences of DNA that are identical when read from the 5' to 3' direction on one strand and the 3' to 5' direction on the other strand are Palindromes Cell Walls are found in Plants,algae & Fungi Satellite viruses are Dependent on other viruses for replication When buds remain attached, they form a chain of yeast cells called Pseudohyphae An organism's genotype includes all the following Are inherited. Are structural genes coding for proteins. Are genes coding for RNA. Are regulatory genes controlling gene expression

An organism's genotype includes all the following except they Are the expressed traits governed by the genes Among the microorganisms, various genomes can include Chromosomes. Plasmids. Mitochondrial DNA. Chloroplast DNA. Semiconservative replication refers to An original parent DNA strand and one newly synthesized DNA strand comprising a new DNA molecule When a rod shaped bacteria is short and plump, it is called a Coccobacillus Sources for human infection with worms are all of the following except Contaminated air. The various techniques by which scientists manipulate DNA in the lab is called Genetic engineering. When humans manipulate the genes of microorganisms the process is called Genetic engineering A scientist collects grass clippings to find the source of an outbreak of tularemia is an example of working in the field of Epidemiology All of the following is correct about treating viral diseases Many antiviral drugs block viral replication. Many antiviral drugs cause severe side effects. Interferons show potential for treating and preventing viral infections

Treating viral diseases except Viruses are killed by the same antibiotics that kill bacteria. Bacterial conjugation involves A donor cell with a plasmid and a pilus

The type of microscope in which you would see brightly illuminated specimens against a black background is Dark-field. The term that refers to the presence of flagella all over the cell surface is Peritrichous. Sterilization is achieved by Steam autoclave Organisms called parasites are Always harmful to their host The DNA of microorganisms is made up of subunits called Nucleotides. During which of the phases of cellular respiration is the majority of ATP formed Electron transport Microbiological contaminants are best described as Unwanted microbes present on or in a substance Koch's postulates are criteria used to establish that A specific microbe is the cause of a specific disease. Viruses acquire envelopes around their nucleocapsids during Release. Virus capsids are made from subunits called Capsomeres

A -------------------- is the protein shell around the nucleic acid core of a virus. Capsid Which of the following is the correct way to write the scientific name of this bacterium? Staphylococcus aureus All bacterial cells have A chromosome. In bacterial cells, the electron transport system is located in the Cell membrane

The site for most ATP synthesis in procaryotic cells is the cell membrane A bacterial cell exhibiting chemotaxis probably has Flagella Which method often results in colonies developing down throughout the agar and some colonies on the surface? Pour plate Helminths are Parasitic worms Which term is not used to describe bacterial cell shapes? Tetrad Bacterial cell shapes include? Coccus, Vibrio, Rod & Spirochete The phase of the bacterial growth curve in which newly inoculated cells are adjusting to their new environment, metabolizing but not growing is the Lag phase Amplification of DNA is accomplished by Polymerase chain reaction. The primary purpose of staining cells on a microscope slide is to Add contrast in order to see them better. The study of evolutionary relationships among organisms is called Phylogeny. All of the following are correct about biofilms They are cooperative associations among several microbial groups. They play an important role in recycling elements in the earth. They can colonize medical devices. An example could be the scum that builds up in toilet bowls

All of the following are correct about biofilms except They are harmless aggregations of microbes These structures are used by bacteriophages to attach to host cell receptors

Tail fibers Organisms that feed on dead organisms for nutrients are called Saprobes. Which of the following is a unique characteristic of viruses that distinguishes them from the other major groups of microorganisms? Lack cell structure All of the following are found in some or all protozoa except Cell Wall Which agents can cause injury to the bacterial plasma membrane? Polmyxins, Alcohols, Quaternary & ammonium compounds Which 3 organelles are not associated with Golgi complex? Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, Ribosomes 70s Spontaneous generation is the belief that Living things arise from nonliving matter A Simple microscope has Only 1 lens Resolution: 1 um Augmentation: 300x A Compound Microscope: Uses light & 2 or more lenses to produce a larger image of an object, Can magnify up to 1000 times Total magnification = Objective lens x Ocular lens What is resolution? ?

Microorganisms require large quantities of this nutrient for use in cell structure and metabolism: Macronutrient All of the following structures contribute to the ability of pathogenic bacteria to cause disease except Inclusions.

All of the following structures contribute to the ability of pathogenic bacteria to cause disease Fimbriae. Capsule. Slime layer. Outer membrane of gram negative cell walls. All of the following are correct about agar It is flexible. It melts at the boiling point of water (100 degrees Celsius). It solidifies below 42 degrees Celsius. It is solid at room temperature.

All of the following are correct about agar except It is a source of nutrition for bacteria The correct sequence of events in viral multiplication is Adsorption, penetration, replication, maturation, assembly, release. Filamentous fungi are called Molds. Which organelle contains cristae where enzymes and electron carriers for aerobic respiration are found? Mitochondria Which of the following is essential for development of discrete, isolated colonies? Solid medium Which of the following are the main decomposers of the earth? Bacteria and fungi The time interval from parent cell to two new daughter cells is called the Generation time. In which pathway is the most NADH generated? TCA cycle The cell's series of tunnel-like membranes functioning in transport and storage are the Endoplasmic reticulum All of the following are correct about food irradiation It is approved in the U.S. for beef, chicken and pork. It can lead to a longer shelf life for the irradiated food. No irradiated food can be sold without clear labeling.

Food is not made radioactive by the process

All of the following are correct about food irradiation except The World Health Organization does not endorse this process. A bacterial genus that has waxy mycolic acid in the cell walls is Mycobacterium. Eukaryotic flagella differ from prokaryotic flagella because only eukaryotic flagella Contain microtubules. The shortest time required to kill all the microbes in a sample at a specified temperature is called the Thermal death time ( TDT ) The breakdown of peptidoglycan to N-acetylmuramic acid, N-acetylglucosamine and peptides is an example of Catabolism Peptidoglycan is a unique macromolecule found in bacterial Cell walls. This is often used in forensic science to distinguish one sequence of DNA from another by comparing the sequence of the strands at specific loci: DNA fingerprinting Which of the following will not support viral cultivation? Blood agar The core of every virus particle always contains Either DNA or RNA. Viruses have all the following except Metabolism Which of the following is not associated with every virus? Envelope The term phototroph refers to an organism that Gets energy from sunlight Thermococcus litoralis and Thermus aquaticus are thermophilic bacteria that are Sources of heat stable DNA polymerases. Which of the following is correct about viruses?

Cannot be seen with a light microscope Which of the following characteristics refers to the microscope's ability to show two separate entities as separate and distinct? Resolving power Infectious naked strands of RNA are called Viroid The surgeon who advocated using disinfectants on hands and in the air prior to surgery was Joseph Lister. Which of the following is a scientific name? Bacillus subtilis The deliberate removal of genetic material from one organism and combining it with the genetic material of another organism is a specific technique called Recombinant DNA. Pasteur used swan-neck flasks in his experiments to prove that & he could prove the Theory of Biogenesis? Dust in air was a source of living microorganisms. A microbiologist decides to use a nutrient medium that contains thioglycollic acid. What type of microbe is she attempting to culture? Anaerobe An organism with a temperature growth range of 45 degrees Celsius to 60 degrees Celsius would be called a/an Thermophile Physical requirements for bacterial growth? Temperature pH Osmotic Pressure Chemical requirements for bacterial growth? Carbon, Nitrogen, Sulfer, Phosphorous, Trace elements, Oxygen, Organic growth factors Microorganisms in behalf of their temperature required to grow? Psychrophiles- grow at 0 c – Max. Growth 15 c Psychrotrophs- grow at 0 c – maxium growth 20-30 c Mesophiles- Growth temp. 25-40 c

Thermophiles – grow 50-60 c cannot grow below 45 c – HIGH TEMPERTURE LIVING Hyperthermophiles- growth 80c or higher Which type of medium is able to distinguish different species or types of microorganisms based on an observable change in the colonies or in the medium? Differential The duplication of a cell's DNA is called Replication

The Five I's of studying microorganisms include all of the following Inoculation. Incubation. Isolation. Inspection Identification. The term that refers to the purposeful addition of microorganisms into a laboratory nutrient medium is Inoculation Fungi that grow as yeast at one temperature but will grow as mold at another temperature are called Dimorphic. Which cell structure is an important agent in modern genetic engineering techniques? Plasmids During aerobic cellular respiration, the final electron acceptor is Oxygen. A microbiologist makes a fixed smear of bacterial cells and stains them with Loeffler's methylene blue. All the cells appear blue under the oil lens. This is an example of Simple staining Visible, clear, well-defined patches in a monolayer of virus-infected cells in a culture are called Plaques

Infectious protein particles are called Prions The passageways in the nuclear envelope for movement of substances to and from the nucleus and cytoplasm are called nuclear Pores In eukaryotic cells, ribosomes have two locations: scattered in the _____, and on the surface of _____. cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum

Average required pH to grow? 6.5- 7.5 pH Viruses that infect bacteria are specifically called Bacteriophages

Uncoating of viral nucleic acid: does not occur in bacteriophage multiplication involves enzymatic destruction of the capsid occurs during penetration in the multiplication cycle occurs before replication all of the choices are correct -correct answer,

the eucaryotic cell organelle that most resembles a bacterial cell is the: nucleus golgi apparatus mitochondria correct answer lysosome ribosome

During unfavorable growth conditions, many protozoa can convert to a resistant, dormant stage called Trophozoite...