Study guide 2-2 - Fall semester 2017 taught by Dr Jhhn Frendreis PDF

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Fall semester 2017 taught by Dr Jhhn Frendreis ...

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Terms: environmental justice: is a fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies Point source pollution: is a single identifiable source of air, water, thermal, noise, or light pollution. A point source has negligible extent, distinguishing it from other pollution source geometries Nonpoint source pollution: Nonpoint source (NPS) pollution, unlike pollution from industrial and sewage treatment plants, comes from many diffuse sources. NPS pollution is caused by rainfall or snowmelt moving over and through the ground. Groundwater contamination: occurs when pollutants are released on the surface and make their way down into groundwater Superfund: a US federal government program designed to fund the cleanup of toxic wastes; CERCLA: Information gathering/reporting ■ Federal response to emergencies ■ Establishes Superfund ■ Establishes liability ■ 1986 revisions: Maximum extent possible standards for cleanup, more money, right to know ■ Since 2004 the Fund requires annual appropriations Fracking: process of injecting liquid and chemicals at high pressure into subterranean rock, boreholes, etc so as to force open existing fissures and extract oil or gas Wilderness areas: a region where the land is in a natural state; where impacts from human activities are minimal Endangered Species Act: (ESA) 1973 is a key legislation for both domestic and international conservation. The act aims to provide a framework to conserve and protect endangered and threatened species and their habitats Renewable Fuel Standard: (RFS) is a federal program that requires transportation fuel sold in the United state to contain a minimum volume of renewable fuels. RFS originated with the energy policy act of 2005 and was expanded and extended by the energy independence and security act of 2007.

Tragedy of the Commons: Is one basic type of problem that a social group can face. A situation in which there is a mutually owner resource and individuals behave in ways which are individually rational but lead to a result which is ultimately ruinous for all. An example of market failure. Externality: a side effect or consequence of an industrial or commercial activity that affects other parties without this being reflected in the cost of the goods or services involved, such as the pollination of surrounding crops by bees kept for honey. Market failure: a situation in which the allocation of goods and services is not efficient. (Tragedy of the Commons) Love Canal: Lead to Superfund Act 1980 Mr. Love wanted to build canal to generate energy for city; never finished and used instead by Hooker Chemical Company to dump chemicals in, filled with soil and neighborhood/school built by city next to/on top of it and toxic waste percolates up to soil and was causing birth defects Effluent control : wastewater - treated or untreated - that flows out of a treatment plant, sewer, or industrial outfall. Generally refers to wastes discharged into surface waters 7 criteria air pollutants: Carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen oxides, ozone, particulate matter (10 and 2.5), sulfur dioxide National Ambient Air Quality Standards :are standards established by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under authority of the Clean Air Act that apply for outdoor air throughout the country 1. Public health 2. Public welfare Air Quality Control Regions: designated by the Administrator of EPA as part of Federal Clean Air Act State Implementation Plans : United States state plan for complying with the federal Clean Air Act (NAAQS) administered by the EPA; 1. State-adopted control measures which consists of either rules/regulations or sourcespecific requirements (e.g., orders and consent decrees); 2) State-submitted "nonregulatory" components (e.g., attainment plans, rate of progress plans, emission inventories, transportation control measures etc.); 3) additional requirements promulgated by EPA

Sulfur Dioxide: is the chemical compound with the formula SO2. At standard atmosphere, it is a toxic gas with a pungent, irritating smell. The triple point is 197.69 K and 1.67 kPa. It is released naturally by volcanic activity. Clean Air Act : 1963 US federal law designed to control air pollution on a national level; measure NAAQS for pollutants harmful to human health Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990: concerns related to toxic and hazardous pollutants gained attention and there was an increase in the number reported (Also related to backlash against Reagan) , market based principles for emissions and trading , promoting low sulfur and natural gas, acid rain program, reduced energy waste a lot Clean Water Act: 1972; Established the basic structure for regulating pollutant discharges into the waters of the United States. Gave EPA the authority to implement pollution control programs such as setting wastewater standards for industry

CERCLA (Superfund): federal legislation regarding the cleanup of toxic waste sites (National Priority List) Toxic Substance Control Act : (TSCA) a US law, passed by US congress in 1976 and administered by the EPA, that regulates the introduction of new or already existing chemicals, information gathering, Screening new chemicals, Chemical testing Control of chemicals, Control of asbestos

Toxic Release Inventory: (TRI) is a publicly available database containing information on toxic chemical releases and other waste management activities in the united states Bureau of Reclamation: and formerly the United States Reclamation Service (not to be confused with the Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement), is a federal agency under the U.S. Department of the Interior, which oversees water resource management, specifically as it applies to the oversight and operation of the diversion, delivery, and storage projects that it has built throughout the western United States for irrigation, water supply, and attendant hydroelectric power generation. Currently the USBR is the largest wholesaler of water in the country, bringing water to more than 31 million people, and providing one in five Western farmers with irrigation water for 10 million acres of farmland, which produce 60% of the nation's vegetables and 25% of its fruits and nuts. The USBR is also the second largest producer of hydroelectric power in the western United States.[4] National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) : is a US environmental law that

promotes the enhancement of the environment and established the president's council on environmental quality (CEQ). THe laws was enacted on January, 1970. The purpose of the NEPA is to promote informed decision-making by federal agencies by making "detailed information concerning significant environmental impacts" available to both agency leaders and the public.NEPA was the first piece of legislation that created a comprehensive method to assess potential and existing environmental risks at once. It also encourages communication and cooperation between all the actors involved in environmental decisions, including government officials, private businesses, and citizens environmental impact statement: document required by the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) for fed agencies for certain actions "significantly affecting the quality of the human environment" Bureau of Surface Mining: bureau within the Department of the Interior. OSMRE is responsible for establishing a nationwide program to protect society and the environment from the adverse effects of surface coal mining operations while balancing the nation’s need for continued domestic coal production; created in 1977 when Congress enacted the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act US Fish and Wildlife Service: (USFWS or FWS) is an agency of the federal government within the US department of the interior dedicated to the management of fish, wildlife, and natural habitats Endangered Species Act: (ESA) of 1973 is a key legislation for both domestic and international conservation. The act aims to provide a framework to conserve and protect the endangered and threatened species and their habitats Mining Law of 1872 : US federal law that authorizes and governs prospecting and mining for economic minerals, such as gold, platinum, and silver, on federal public lands. These claims may be located once a discovery of a locatable mineral is made. Still only $2.50-$5.00/acre to file claim on government land Bureau of Land Management: The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) is an agency within the United States Department of the Interior that administers more than 247.3 million acres (1,001,000 km2) of public lands in the United States which constitutes one-eighth of the landmass of the country.[2] President Harry S. Truman created the BLM in 1946 by combining two existing agencies: the General Land Office and the Grazing Service.[3] The agency manages the federal government's nearly 700 million acres (2,800,000 km2) of subsurface mineral estate located beneath federal, state and private lands severed from their surface rights by the Homestead Act of 1862.

[3] Most BLM public lands are located in these 12 western states: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington and Wyoming.[4] Department of the Interior: National Forest Service: (USFS) is an agency of the US department of Agriculture that administers the nation’s 154 national forests and 20 national grasslands, which encompass 193 million acres National Park Service: (NPS) is an agency of the united states federal government that manages all national parks, many national monuments, and other conservation and historical properties with various title designations ANWR- The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR or Arctic Refuge) is a national wildlife refuge in northeastern Alaska, United States. It consists of 19,286,722 acres (78,050.59 km2) in the Alaska North Slope region.[1] It is the largest National Wildlife Refuge in the country, slightly larger than the Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge. The refuge is administered from offices in Fairbanks. Managed by United States Fish and Wildlife Service. Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act of 1980: 102 million acres of Alaskan land as national wilderness, wildlife refuges, and parks. “Special Protection to varying degrees.” Wilderness Act of 1964: created the National wilderness Preservation System and recognized wilderness as “an area where the earth and its community of life are untrammeled by man, where man himself is a visitor who does not remain.” U. S. Army Corps of Engineers: also sometimes shortened to CoE,[6] is a U.S. federal agency under the Department of Defense and a major Army command made up of some 37,000 civilian and military personnel,[1] making it one of the world's largest public engineering, design, and construction management agencies. Although generally associated with dams, canals and flood protection in the United States, USACE is involved in a wide range of public works throughout the world. The Corps of Engineers provides outdoor recreation opportunities to the public, and provides 24% of U.S. hydropower capacity. The corps' mission is to "Deliver vital public and military engineering services; partnering in peace and war to strengthen our Nation's security, energize the economy and reduce risks from disasters."[7] Individual Transferable Quota Systems: Means by which government regulates fishing to prevent Tragedy of the Commons, using total allowable catch method. Only X

amount of fish can be caught of that species at that given time. “Catch Share” New Zealand CAFÉ standards: are regulations in the United States, first enacted by the United States Congress in 1975,[1] after the 1973-74 Arab Oil Embargo, to improve the average fuel economy of cars and light trucks (trucks, vans and sport utility vehicles) produced for sale in the United States. Ozone layer: The ozone layer or ozone shield is a region of Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun's ultraviolet (UV) radiation. It contains high concentrations of ozone (O3) in relation to other parts of the atmosphere, although still small in relation to other gases in the stratosphere. Safe Drinking Water Acts of 1974 and 1986 : Act in 1974 Authorizes EPA to set national standards for drinking water (in public systems) to protect against health effects from exposure to naturally-occurring and manmade contaminants and protect underground sources of drinking water from improper underground injection Amendments in 1986: Adds 61 new contaminants that EPA must regulate and implement National Public Drinking Water Regulation techniques of filtration and disinfection Command and Control regulation : (CAC) Approaches in which regular (government) specifies which actions individuals must take, with little or no discretion by those being regulated. Does not address differences among regulated entities- all are treated identically. Most common type of regulation, example RFS case study.

Acid rain: rainfall made sufficiently acidic by atmospheric pollution that it causes environmental harm, typically to forests and lakes. The main cause is the industrial burning of coal and other fossil fuels, the waste gases from which contain sulfur and nitrogen oxides, which combine with atmospheric water to form acids. Keystone XL pipeline: oil pipeline system through Canada and the U.S. was dead and now revived by Trump Renewable energy: energy from a source that is not depleted when used, such as wind or solar energy. Cap and Trade Models: overall limits set by regulators, permits distributed to firms, firms determine how much to reduce emissions versus buying permits- permits bought

when cost is less than marginal costs of emission reductions. Dakota Access pipeline: Another oil pipeline system that has moved forward under Trump administration because he removed temporary pause ordered by Obama. Cost- benefit analysis: considers relationship between the costs and benefits at various levels of benefits (pollution abatement). Seeks the point at which net benefits are maximized, assuming costs and benefits can be properly estimated (economically efficient outcome). Tool has become politicized in environmental policy analysis because of difficulty of measuring some types of benefits (economic value, non-use value). Toxic waste: any material in liquid, solid, or gas form that can cause harm by being inhaled, swallowed, or absorbed through the skin. Examples: nuclear waste, dangerous substances like carcinogens, animal fecal matter. Know the following How to overcome the tragedy of the commons: Requires agreement to coerce ourselves. (mutually agreed upon by the majority of the people affected, coercion can only be implemented by government) Coercion is in tension with individual freedom. Which Federal agencies manage large amounts of Federal land – and for what purpose Bureau of Land Management – 264.4 million acres (38.9%) of the federal total; responsible for mineral services and for purposes of energy development, timber harvesting, recreation, grazing, wild horses and burros, cultural resources, and conservation Forest Service - 192.4 million acres (28.7%) - multiple use and sustained yields of various products and services ex timber harvesting, recreation, grazing, watershed protection, and fish and wildlife habitats Fish and Wildlife Service - 95.0 million acres (14.2%)- conserve and protect animals and plants National Park Service – 83.6 million acres (11.8%)- conserve and interpret lands and resources and make them available for public use The role of litigation in resource management policy making: environmental groups sue federal agencies to force them to enforce laws and follow procedures, businesses sue to halt action by government agencies on procedural grounds or on law substance (ex claim improper Environmental impact statement) Litigation forces compromise between actors but also often blocks action (ex logging,

grazing Yellowstone snowmobiling) How Congress intervenes in resource management policy: Congress often protects narrow interests, usually those of their supporters and delegation. Eastern versus Western dynamic of Easterners wanting to protect land while Westerners want to protect public enterprise rights which they may not have bc lots of land is federal, protect their way of life. Will use hearings, riders, and budget bills to alter agency behavior.

Why eastern and western interests in Congress have different attitudes toward resource management West is primarily Federally owned land, Westerners resent that they can’t develop land without running into government control in almost every instance. Easterners do not have as much federally owned land, are more concerned about a nebulous greater good. Eastern - public interest, but don't have much to lose, no constituents in west where resources lie Western - Fed gov owns lots of land in the west so heads of departments are always western leader because affects western Constituents; make decisions based on their constituents (ex Mining act Nevada guy) As west becomes less reliant on extractive industries and people want to live there , becomes more urbanized where people seek recreation

The role of private and public actors in habitat conservation plans Private actors often want to develop land and protect their own rights (ie snowmobiling in Yellowstone or grazing in public parks because people want to have rights to the land and ability to profit off of it) public actors like government agencies make decisions based off conservation perspective, based on constituents and balancing economic and environmental interests The Regulatory Frameworks (significant statutes, relevant agencies, and basic philosophy) for policy with respect to air quality, water quality, toxic/solid waste, and public lands- EPA is most likely agency involved in enforcement, but fisheries and Wildlife Service administers ESA, Interior Department deals with surface mining control and Reclamation Act, Transportation and Commerce departments deal with Oil Pollution Act of 1990; Bureau of Land Management for public lands

Toxic Waste Statutes -Clean Water Act, Clean Air Act, Superfund/CERCLA 1980**, Endangered Species Act, Safe Drinking Water Acts 1974 & 86, Resource Conservation and Recovery Act**, Toxic Substances Control Act 1976**, Ocean Dumping Act 1988, Oil Pollution Act 1990, Food Quality Protection Act 1996** -Toxic Substance Control Act 1976: info gathering, screening new chemicals, chemical testing, control of chemicals and asbestos -Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 1976: regulates solid waste disposal sites, hazardous waste (manifest system recording transportation), promotes recovery and waste reduction, mandates devolution to states. -CERCLA 1980: Info gathering & reporting, federal response to emergencies, establishes superfund and liability, requires annual appropriations. -Food Quality Protection ACt 1996: residues on food, required pesticide residues in food must demonstrate “reasonable certainty of no harm,” tightened standards for assessing risk. Public Lands Relevant Statutes -Endangered Species Act (Fish and Wildlife Service part of DoI): Act calls for listing endangered and threatened species and identifying habitat necessary to sustain species -Wilderness Act of 1964: sets aside ton of land, now 757 Wilderness areas and 109 mil acres -National Environmental Policy Act of 1969: requires environmental impact statements for any project by federal agencies or which uses fed funds. -Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act 1980: 102 mil acres as wilderness -Omnibus Public Lands Management Act 2009: sets aside more wilderness -Mining Law of 1872: file small claim on government land, can mine for minerals on it.

Various energy sources and their relative importance: Petroleum: strongest dependence on petroleum “most important” oil used to rubs Natural Gas: Second important burn to generate electricity slowly replacing coal Coal: Third important, source of energy, environmental groups acknowledge that a transition away from coal will not h...