Study Guide Mendelian Genetics PDF

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study guide for Mendelian Genetics includes definitions, ques. & answers, and punnet squares ...

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Study Guide: Mendelian Genetics Terms: 1. Traits- a distinguishing quality or characteristic, typically one belonging to a person past down from a parent to an offspring 2. Cross pollination- fertilization between different plants 3. True-breeding- A kind of breeding in which the parents with a particular phenotype produce offspring only with the same phenotype. 4. Hybridization- process of mating two individuals that differ with the goal of achieving a certain characteristic in their offspring. 5. Dominant trait- An inherited trait that results from the expression of the dominant allele over the recessive allele. 6. Recessive trait- A genetic trait that results from the expression of two recessive alleles 7. Dominant allele- The allele that determines trait appearance 8. Recessive allele- an allele that only has an effect on the phenotype when present in the homozygous state, which means it takes no effect in a heterozygous. It produces its characteristics phenotype only when its paired allele is identical. 9. Punnett square- A diagram that is used to predict an outcome of a particular cross or breeding experiment. It is used to determine the probability of an offspring having a particular genotype. 10. Homozygous- having two identical alleles for a given gene on the homologous chromosome 11. Heterozygous- an organism that has two different alleles for a gene ; are not truebreeding 12. Phenotype- An organism's physical appearance

13. Genotype- An organism's genetic makeup 14. Dihybrids- a hybrid that is heterozygous for alleles of two different genes 15. Dihybrid cross- A dihybrid cross between two F1 dihybrids can determine whether two characters are transmitted to offspring. / A) as a package OR B) independently 16. Probability- Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment reflect the rules of probability 17. Complete dominance- Complete dominance is the condition in which one of the alleles is completely dominant to the other, so that the heterozygote (ex: Bb) shows only the dominant phenotype. 18. Incomplete dominance- Occurs when the phenotype of F1 hybrids is somewhere between the phenotypes of the two parental varieties 19. Codominance- two dominant alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways (example: ABO blood types) 20. Quantitative characteristics- A quantitative trait shows continued variation. This is because the trait is the sum of several small effects caused by the gene. 21. Polygenetic inheritance- Is when two or more sets of alleles determine the outcome of a trait. Essentially, many genes determine the outcome of a single trait. This is why people with blonde hair can have babies with brown hair. 22. Pedigree map- Is a family tree that describes the interrelationships of parents and children across generations 23. Loss-of-function mutations- Protein function that is reduced or terminated due to inheriting the recessive allele causing many genetic disorders and diseases in homozygous individuals

24. Carriers- Are heterozygous individuals who carry the recessive allele but are not phenotypic ally normal. 25. Consanguineous mating- is defined as a union between two individuals who are related as second cousins or closer, with the inbreeding coefficient (F) equal or higher than 0.0156 26. Amniocentesis- medical procedure used to diagnose chromosomal abnormalities, as well as determine sex of a fetus by examining fetal tissues. 27. Chronic villus sampling- prenatal test to test for birthing abnormalities and genetics in a fetus. 28. Epistasis- antagonistic interaction between genes such that one gene masks or interferes with the expression of another. Ques: 1.

What does F1 mean in genetics? 

First filial generation of offspring of distinctly different parental types/ F1 hybrids are used in genetics, and in selective breeding, where it may appear as F1 crossbreed.

2.

What does F2 mean in genetics? 

The F2 generation is the second filial generation, which is comprised of offspring resulting from a cross of the members of the F1 generation. It is the second generation of any cross-breed.

3.

What is the law of independent assortment in genetics? 

The principle, originated by Gregor Mendel, stating that when two or more characteristics are inherited, individual hereditary factors assort independently

during gamete production, giving different traits an equal opportunity of occurring together. Punnett Square:

Pedigree Map:...