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Chapter 1 1. Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory: ● Microsystem: relations between child and immediate environment ● Mesosystem: connection samong immediate settings ● Exosystem: social settings that affect but do not contain the child ● Macrosystem: values, laws customs, resources of culture ● Chronosystem: dynamic, ever-changing nature of person’s environment Freud ● Believed in the importance of early experience ● Five stages of psychosexual development Pavlov ● Discovered classical conditioning Piaget ● ● ● ●

Sensorimotor: birth-2 years Preoperational: 2-7 years Concrete operational: 7-11 years Formal operational: 11 years and older

Erikson ● Psychosocial stages ● Development is motivated by our social needs ● Life-span development Vygotsky ● Growth depends on cultural and social interaction ● Help needed from more advanced peers and adults B.F. Skinner ● Discovered operant conditioning Information-processing ● Views the human mind as working something like a computer ● Thinking involves perceiving, encoding, representing, storing, and retrieving information Bandura ● Added social cognition to operant conditioning Lorenz

● At first, theory was thought to be inapplicable to humans ● Studied critical periods in development 2. Match the stages of psychosexual development with their correct age ranges. Latency: ~6 to 11 years Phallic: ~3 to 6 years Genital: ~12 years+ Oral: birth to 1 year Anal: ~1 to 3 years 3. Research manipulates independent variable and measures impact on dependent variable. Experiment 4. Measure relations between physiological processes and behaviour. Physiological measures 5. Three important cognitive theories are: Piaget’s theory, Vygotsky’s theory, information-processing theory. 6. Information about two or more variables without researcher intervention. Correlational research 7. Observe people of different ages (or chorts) at one point in time. Cross-sectional approach 8. Observe people of one cohort repeatedly over time. Longitudinal approach 9. Which of the following is NOT included in ethical consideration? All are included: informed consent, confidentiality, protection from harm, (lack of) deception, debriefing, and knowledge of results. 10. Validity = really measures what it’s supposed to measure (verifies the truth)

11. Advantages of interviews and questionnaires are lots of information in a short period of time and confidentiality → TRUE 12. Match the example to the method. Choose from correlation, experiment, cross-sectional, longitudinal, and chronological. You may use answers more than once. Correlation: stability/continuity of antisocial behaviour between two ages Experiment: effect of task difficulty on strategy use Experiment: effect of cloth carrier use on attachment Cross-sectional: age differences in perceptions of peer groups Correlation: maternal alcohol consumption and severity of birth defects Sequential: long-term effects of fluoride treatments started at varying ages Chapter 2 1. Identical twins are always of the same sex. TRUE 2. Fraternal twins are more closely related to each other than to other children in the family. FALSE 3. The father determines the sex of the child. TRUE 4. Each parent contributes half a child’s genetic makeup. TRUE 5. Fragile-X syndrome is more common in males than in females. TRUE 6. A person may transmit characteristics to offspring that he himself does not show. TRUE 7. Some of a person’s inherited traits do not appear. TRUE 8. If a person loses a limb in an accident, it is likely that he or she will have a child with a missing limb. FALSE 9. This type of genetic transmission expresses the gene depending on whether it is from the mother or the father. GENETIC IMPRINTING 10. This type of genetic transmission is carried on the X gene only, so boys are more likely to express the disorder because their Y chromosome is not able to counteract it. SEX-LINKED GENES OR X-LINKED INHERITANCE 11. This type of genetic transmission occurs when multiple pairs of genes work together to form a characteristic. POLYGENIC INHERITANCE OR GENE-GENE INTERACTION 12. This type of genetic transmission occurs because a certain gene always is expressed in favour of another one. DOMINANT-RECESSIVE GENES PRINCIPLE 13. This test is given during the 10th to 13th week by taking a sample from the placenta. Results are ready in 10 days, but it has a slight chance of miscarriage. Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) 14. This is given about seven weeks into the pregnancy. It involves scanning the womb with soundwaves. Ultrasound

15. This is given during the 16th to 20th weeks using a needle to extract fluid. It is often used by older mothers and has a slight chance of triggering a miscarriage. It may take up to two weeks for results. Amniocentesis 16. The fact that people give more attention to a happy baby is an example of EVOCATIVE influence. 17. Shy people avoiding parties & spending time in the library is an example of ACTIVE influence. 18. The fact that parents who are genetically predisposed to be readers have lots of books and that their children’s genotype predisposes them to respond to books is an example of PASSIVE influence. 19. Because siblings’ experiences diverge as they grow (i.e., their nonshared environmental experiences increase), one would expect siblings to become LESS SIMILAR OVER TIME.

Chapter 3 1. The most vulnerable time for teratogens is the first two weeks after conception. FALSE 2. The APGAR test assesses infant intelligence. FALSE 3. Pregnant women do not need to worry about prescription drugs harming the embryo or fetus. FALSE 4. Match the term with the correct definition. Afterbirth: third stage of birth Placenta: prenatal life support system that is a disk-shaped group of tissues; blood vessels of the mother and the baby intermingle. Low birth weight: newborn weighs less than it should (< 2.4 kg; 5.3 lbs) Teratogen: anything that can cause a birth defect Pre-term: birth too many weeks earlier than it should be (...