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LABSTER SUMMARIES: Atomic Structure (Principles): Bohr and Quantum models Virtual Lab Simulation, Atomic Structure (Principles): Atoms and Isotopes Virtual Lab Simulation, Periodic Table of Elements: Get the table organized in time!, Ideal Gas Law: Introduction, Ideal Gas Law: Build your own tempe...

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SUMMARY Atomic Structure (Principles): Bohr and Quantum models Virtual Lab Simulation In this virtual laboratory, the atomic models and their unique properties were investigated and discovered. The simulation proceeded with several exercises, including answering questions about atoms, atomic number, atomic mass, ion, and atomic energy level. For the first part, the history of atoms was explored. The evolution of atomic theory was discussed starting with Democritus, John Dalton, J.J Thompson, Ernest Rutherford, Niels Bohr, and Erwin Schrodinger. In the 5th Century BC, Democritus stated that all matter is composed of tiny particles called atoms; then, in 1803, John Dalton added that atoms are invisible and compounds are made up of different types of atoms. In addition, in 1897, J.J. Thompson claimed that an atom is a sphere with embedded positive and negative charges. Moreover, Ernest Rutherford contributed to the evolution of atomic theory by sharing the idea of electrons orbiting around a positively charged nucleus. Furthermore, Niels Bohr attributed the idea that electrons orbit in a specific orbit around the middle. On the other hand, Erwin Schrodinger introduced the concept that the location of electrons can be described as a part of a 'cloud' around the nucleus. Aside from the evolution of atomic theory, the structure of atoms was discussed. It was explained that atoms have subatomic particles called electrons, neutrons, and protons. Wherein electron was described as negatively charged, the proton was described as positively charged, and neutrons were described as neutrally charged particles. In addition, Labster also included that the number of protons represents the atomic number, while the sum of neutrons and protons is equivalent to the mass number of an atom. Furthermore, it was mentioned that if protons and electrons differ in number, it will be a charged atom, called an ion. Aside from the history of atoms, another concept that was given focus on the Labster was investigating Bohr and the quantum 3d model. In this part, Bohr and Quantum atomic models were shown on the holographic table. Upon using the holographic table, the limitation of the Bohr model was realized. The Bohr model is easy to use when describing hydrogen atoms; however, its end is that when a more significant in size atom is taken, then some aspects of the atom's electron orbital cannot be adequately defined by the model. On the other hand, the Quantum model was described as a complex model which follows Broglie's idea ー particles could exhibit wavelike behavior, and Schrödinger's theory ー the behavior of electrons within atoms could be explained by treating them mathematically as matter waves. In addition, the movement and trajectories of each electron within an atom were described using four quantum numbers, namely Principal quantum number, Angular momentum quantum number, Magnetic quantum number, and Spin quantum number. Furthermore, the holo-table was used again to discover the atomic energy level and to create an atomic model that exhibits the nuclear structure of an atom in ground and excited state. Ground state is when all the electrons in an atom are at their lowest energy level. On the other hand, an excited state is reflected if an electron's potential energy is increased, which causes it to 'jump' to an orbital further away from the nucleus. Lastly, the latter information and concept of the spectrum were applied in the minigame. Thus, allowing the experimenter to

analyze the newly discovered star and determine its element composition. This part explained that different atoms absorb specific wavelengths; therefore, each particle has a particular absorption spectrum. Moreover, aside from absorption spectra, there are two other types of spectra which are continuous spectra and emission spectra. Absorption and emission spectra are connected since the emission spectrum consists of wavelengths that are missing in the absorption spectra. To conclude, an atom is made up of subatomic particles, known as neutrons, protons, and electrons. Moreover, the evolution of atomic theory was highly influenced by Democritus, John Dalton, J.J Thompson, Ernest Rutherford, Niels Bohr, and Erwin Schrodinger. In addition, Bohr and Quantum atomic models are atomic models which show the structure of an atom. Furthermore, nuclear energy levels describe the energy level of electrons within an atom, occupying a specific orbital wherein electrons can be either in ground state or excited state. Lastly, it was also discussed in the Labster that each bit has a particular spectrum of absorption; thus, applying the concept of spectra can be used to determine a specific atom.

SUMMARY Atomic Structure (Principles): Atoms and Isotopes Virtual Lab Simulation In this virtual laboratory, understanding what makes up an atom and building anions, cations, and various isotopes of an element were experienced. The first part of the simulation was focused on the atomic structure. Here, it was mentioned that the subatomic particles of an atom are neutrons, protons, and electrons. In addition, the protons and neutrons are at the nucleus of the bit while the electrons orbit around this nucleus. Moreover, it was explained that the number of protons represents the atomic number, while the sum of protons and neutrons represents the atomic mass of an atom. These pieces of information were applied when the experimenter tried to build a bit relevant to the situation given in the holo-table. Furthermore, some of the highlighted information in the last activity was the ions, atoms with an electrical charge, and its type: cation and anion. In line with these, it was explained that cation is a positively charged ion while an anion is a negatively charged ion. After being introduced to atoms and their subatomic particles, the settings in the Labster were changed into an exoplanet. The new setting was prepared to allow the experimenter to explore, collect samples and come up with observations to determine if there is a presence of life on the planet. In this part of the Labster, the periodic table was explored. With this, it was explained that the elements in the periodic table are arranged in groups and periods in consideration of their electron configuration, atomic number, and chemical properties. Moreover, in the Theory feature of the Labster, it was explained that elements in the same period have the same electron shell and tend to have the same chemical properties. On the other hand, features in the same group have the same electron configuration in the valence shell. Lastly, the Labster directed to go back on the halo-table to learn about isotopes. Isotopes are similar elements with similar atomic numbers but different atomic masses. This difference in each isotopes’ atomic mass is a result of having other numbers of neutrons in their nucleus. To summarize, an atom is composed of subatomic particles called electrons, protons, and neutrons. In addition, the atomic structure is described to have a nucleus, where proton and nucleus reside, with electrons orbiting around it. Moreover, ions are atoms with electric charge, and it is further classified into anion or negatively charged ion and cation or positively charged ion. Furthermore, the periodic table was described to arrange elements in groups and periods according to their electron configuration, atomic number, and chemical properties. Lastly, isotopes were described as similar atoms with similar atomic numbers but different atomic masses. SUMMARY Periodic Table of Elements: Get the table organized in time!

In this virtual lab simulation, the fundamentals of the periodic table were explored. Moreover, elements' metallic characteristics and atomic properties were tackled, and flame tests were conducted. The first part of the simulation focused on the broken periodic table. The periodic table is a tabular display of the chemical elements where chemical elements are arranged in groups and periods according to their atomic number, electron configuration, and chemical properties. In line with this, period was said to help predict the chemical properties of an element since elements in the same period tend to have the same number of electron shells and similar properties. On the other hand, elements in the same group have identical electron configurations in their valence shell. Furthermore, the experimenter learned the types of elements: metals, metalloids, and nonmetals. Using the information gathered, the experimenter tried to complete the broken periodic table by placing the deconstructed elements in their right place at the periodic table. Lastly, for the flame color test part of the simulation, it was explained that a flame test is a procedure that can help distinguish different metal ions by the emission spectrum produced when the element is introduced into a hot flame. The color emitted is a result of electrons being excited or falling back to their original state. To summarize, in a periodic table, elements are arranged in groups and periods with consideration of their atomic number, electron configuration, and chemical properties. Moreover, in the flame test the color, emitted as electrons move from being in an excited state or back to their stable state, is observed to identify the specific ion that was being tested.

SUMMARY Ideal Gas Law: Introduction This simulation showed how ideal gas molecules behave under the ideal gas law. Moreover, the concept of ideal gas law, kinetic theory of gases, and gas thermometry were also investigated. In the Labster it was explained that the pressure is proportional to temperature for gases at low density and have a temperature above the boiling point. In line with this, the Ideal Gas law describes the relationship between the pressure and temperature of a gas. Moreover, the Ideal Gas Law can be expressed in the equation PV = NRT. Furthermore, it was explained that the Kinetic Theory of Gases refers to the idea that gas molecules use kinetic energy to move. Lastly, the gas thermometry ー experiment related to determining the absolute zero temperature was briefly introduced in this Labster activity. SUMMARY Ideal Gas Law: Build your own temperature scale Use

In this Labster, the physical concept of temperature and absolute zero were defined. Moreover, how ideal gas molecules behave according to the Ideal Gas Law was observed, and the relationship between pressure, volume, and temperature in gases using gas thermometry was discussed. In the first part of the Labster activity, the experimenter assigned a new temperature for a given reference point while considering the temperature reference points at three: Kelvin, Celsius, and Fahrenheit. The created scales were used to calculate the new Boltzmann's constant. Moreover, the concept of absolute zero was introduced. As explained in the Labster, the absolute zero pertains to the lowest possible temperature or the minimum allowed by quantum mechanics. Furthermore, the simulation proceeded to focus on Ideal gas law. With these, the relationship between pressure, temperature, and volume of an ideal gas were discovered. In addition, it was found that pressure is proportional to temperature, and when the temperature is held constant, either pressure or volume is proportional to the number of molecules. For the next part, gas thermometry was conducted. During this experiment, there are three reservoirs, which (1) contains boiling water, (2) contains a mixture of ice and water, and (3) contains liquid nitrogen. The dipper was dipped in these three reservoirs to observe the temperature dependency of the pressure of a constant gas volume and how absolute zero temperature is achieved. To summarize, absolute zero pertains to the lowest possible temperature. Moreover, ideal gas law explains the relationship between pressure, temperature, and volume of an ideal gas. Furthermore, gas thermometry is an experiment conducted to create a temperature scale and determine the absolute temperature....