Summary Functional Musculoskeletal Anatomy A: complete PDF

Preview

Summary

Download Summary Functional Musculoskeletal Anatomy A: complete PDF

Description

Anterior sacroiliac ligament

-

Pelvic side of joint From ala & pelvic surface of sacrum above & below pelvic brim → auricular surface of ilium

-

Posterior sacroiliac ligament

-

Superficial to interosseous ligament Long fibres run obliquely downwards & medially Short: upper part of cleft between sacrum & ilium between 1st & 2nd transverse tubercles of sacrum → iliac tuberosity Long: superficial from posterior iliac spine → 3rd & 4th transverse tubercles of sacrum Deepest of posterior ligaments Fills narrow cleft between rough areas on bones behind & above auricular surfaces

-

-

-

Interosseous sacroiliac ligament

-

Resist backward movement of sacral promontory

Short: resist forward movement of sacral promontory - Long: resist downward movement of sacrum with respect to ilium

-

Iliolumbar ligament

-

Inferiorly & laterally from tip of TP of L5 → posterior part of lip of iliac crest

-

helps stabilise lumbosacral joint

Sacrotuberous ligament

-

-

attachment of gluteus maximus confer added stability to SIJ stabilise sacrum by preventing forward tilting of promontory

Sacrospinous ligament

-

flat, triangular band posterior border of ilium between PSIS & PIIS → back & side of sacrum below auricular surface → side of upper coccyx → downwards & laterally to Ischial tuberosity deep to sacrotuberous ligament edge of lower sacral/upper coccygeal segments, passes laterally → Ischial spine

-

closely blends with coccygeus to be a fibrous part of the muscle stabilise sacrum

Iliofemoral ligament

-

anterior too hip joint, capsular lower part of AIIS & adjacent acetabular rim → base of intertronchanteric line Y-shaped

-

-

Pubofemoral ligament

-

Iliopubic eminence & superior pubic ramus → lower part of intertrochanteric line

-

-

Limits hip extension (inferior band) Limits lateral rotation Limits adduction (superior band) Checks posterior tilt of pelvis Strengthens inferior & anterior aspects of joint capsule Limits hip abduction, lateral rotation, & extension

Ischiofemoral ligament

-

Spiral Body of ischium behind & below acetabulum → posterior capsule → greater trochanter

-

Limits hip medial rotation (horizontal fibres) Limits hyperextension (spiral fibres) Limits abduction from a flexed position

Transverse ligament of acetabulum

-

Intracapsular Superficial edge is flush with acetabular rim

-

Completes inferior deficiency in acetabular rim to create a foramen with acetabular notch

Ligamentum teres

-

Within the hip joint Ligament of the head of the femur Adjacent margins of acetabular notch & lower border of transverse ligament → fovea capitis on head of femur Lies in the acetabular fossa below femoral head

-

Stretched when flexed thigh is abducted or laterally rotated Too weak to have any definite ligamentous action

-

-

Ligamentum patellae (Patella tendon)

-

Continuation of the tendon of rectus femoris Strong flat band attaching around apex of patella, continuous over front of patella, extending to tibial tuberosity

-

-

Medial (tibial) Collateral (MCL)

-

Strong flat band Medial epicondyle of femur → medial condyle of tibia & medial tibial shaft

-

Lateral (fibular) collateral (LCL)

-

Rounded, 5cm long cord, clear of lateral part of fibrous capsule Lateral epicondyle of femur above & behind popliteal groove → lateral surface of head of fibula

Keeps joint relatively taut in all positions Sesamoid bone ∴ ↑ mechanical advantage of knee joint Limits superior movement of patella

Limits extension & medial rotation Provides 70-80% of resistance to abduction Loose between 20-60 ° of flexion

Limits extension & lateral rotation Main restraint used to prevent adduction

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

-

Attached to tibia → beneath transverse ligament → runs posteriorly & laterally → medial surface of lateral femoral condyle

-

Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

-

-

Intercondylar area of tibia → runs anteriorly & medially on medial side of ACL → anterior lateral surface of medial femoral condyle Stronger & less oblique than ACL

-

-

-

Part of ACL is taut throughout whole R.O.M, thereby having a restraining influence in all positions of the joint Prevents 86% of anterior slide of tibia 30% of resistance to medial displacement of tibia Prevents adduction Taut during flexion & extension 2x as strong as ACL in tension Aligned to centre of rotation of knee & ∴ principle stabiliser Prevents 94% of restraint to posterior slide of tibia (lack of collateral resistance to posterior slide & lax capsule posteriorly) 36% of resistance to lateral displacement of tibia

Posterior Meniscofemoral

-

Lateral meniscus to medial femoral condyle

-

Protects lateral meniscus during knee locking

Oblique popliteal

-

Central, posterior thickening/strengthening of capsule Expansion of semimembranosus tendon Passes ↑ & laterally to intercondylar line of femur

-

Limits extension

-

Arcuate popliteal

-

Deltoid (medial) ligament

-

-

Strengthens lower lateral capsule Back of head of fibula → archs ↑ & medially over popliteus tendon Medial part arches ↓ onto posterior intercondylar area of femur, while lateral fibres run to posterior lateral femoral condyle

-

Limits extension

Strong, roughly triangular ligament, several bands of fibres fused together, differentiated by distal attachments Anterior & posterior borders + fossa at tip of medial malleolus Thick base forms continuous attachment from navicular → talus body

-

Anterior part limits PF Posterior part limits DF All parts limit eversion

Tibiocalcaneal ligament

-

Fibres descend vertically from tibia to attach to whole of sustentaculum tali

-

Controls abduction of talus

Tibionavicular ligament

-

-

Controls abduction of talus

-

Continuous attachment from navicular anteriorly to sustentaculum tali Runs forwards & downwards towards tuberosity on navicular, attaching to medial parts

-

Most anterior Runs obliquely forward & downwards Attaches to medial neck of talus

-

Controls PF Controls external rotation

Anterior tibiotalar

Posterior tibiotalar

-

Most posterior & thickest Runs laterally & backwards Attaches to medial talus & medial tubercle of its posterior process

-

Resists DF

Anterior talofibular

-

Flat band stretching between anterior border & tip of lateral malleolus to neck of talus Fibres run anteromedially

-

Limits PF Limits inversion

-

Posterior talofibular

-

Calcaneofibular

-

Interosseous (talocalcanean)

-

Strong, thick ligament running almost horizontally Arises from bottom of malleolar fossa of lateral malleolus & passes posteromedially to lateral tubercle of posterior process of talus

-

Limits DF

Lies between two talofibular ligaments Narrow, rounded cord, free from fibrous capsule Arises from front & tip of lateral malleolus & passes downwards & slightly backwards to attach above & behind peroneal tubercle on middle of lateral surface of calcaneus

-

Limits DF Limits inversion

Anterior & posterior bands In sinus tarsi (tarsal canal)

-

Fulcrum for inversion/eversion Some part tense in all foot movements to limit motion

Plantar calcaneonavicular (spring)

-

-

Bifurcate ligament

-

-

Anterior end & medial border of sustentaculum tali posteriorly, spreads out, attaches to inferior surface of navicular & medial surface behind its tuberosity Lower fibres lie almost transversely across foot Blends with & is supported by deltoid ligament medially Contains fibrocartilaginous plate for articulation with head of talus Thick fibro-elastic, some embedded hyaline cartilage

-

Limits DF Limits inversion

Medial part: - Completes socket laterally - Short fibres passing from upper surface of anterior calcaneus to adjacent lateral navicular Lateral part: - Dorsomedial aspect of joint - Common with calcaneonavicular part of ligament from upper surface of calcaneus lateral to anterior articular surface in front of sinus tarsi & attaches to dorsomedial angle of cuboid - One of main connections between first & second row of tarsal bones

-

Limits PF

Calcaneocuboid (short plantar) ligament

-

Long plantar ligament

-

-

Collateral Ligaments

-

Deep, plantar aspect of joint, medial to long plantar ligament Passes from anterior inferior surface of calcaneus to plantar surface of cuboid

Limits DF

Covers plantar surface of calcaneus Attached between posterior & anterior tubercles of calcaneus, attaches to ridge on cuboid, while intermediate fibres bridge groove on cuboid to attach to its tuberosity Most superficial fibres attach to bases of metatarsals II-V Stretches under nearly whole length of lateral foot

-

Limits DF

MTP o

- MTP

o -

IP -

-

Pass from tubercles on each side of head of metatarsal, fanning out to attach to sides of base of phalanx & side of plantar ligament Pass obliquely ↓ & forwards

Pass ↓ & forwards from sides of the head of each phalanx, adjacent to articular surface to base of more distal phalanx adjacent to articular surface Pass to side of the plantar ligaments

o

Taut during flexion, ∴ restrict flexion

o o

Limit flexion Prevent abduction or adduction (of flexed IP joint)

- IP

Plantar (plates)

Deep transverse metatarsal ligaments

MTP joints - Dense fibrocartilaginous plate attached to plantar border of base of proximal phalanx - Form part of articular surface for metatarsal head - Attach at sides to collateral & deep transverse metatarsal ligaments Interphalangeal joints - Pad of fibrocartilage forming part of articular surface for phalangeal had - Plantar ligaments of all joints interconnected by deep transverse metatarsal ligaments - Connects heads & joint capsules of all metatarsals - Crossed on plantar surface by tendons of lumbricals, & on dorsal surface by interosseous tendons

-

Limit extension

-

Limit separation of MT heads (abduction)...