Summary Table of Hemoflagellates PDF

Preview

Summary

Reyes, Maritoni T. October 10, 2020MD 3Y1-1 PARA 311 LECTabulate the following Blood and Tissue Flagellates (Hemoflagellates) based on the following criteria:“HEMOFLAGELLATES SPECIES”Hemoflagellates SpeciesStages ofDevelopmentPossible Models ofTransmissionVector(Commonname andGenus)Disease Character...

Description

Reyes, Maritoni T.

October 10, 2020

MD 3Y1-1

PARA 311 LEC Tabulate the following Blood and Tissue Flagellates (Hemoflagellates) based on the following criteria:

“HEMOFLAGELLATES SPECIES” Hemoflagell ates Species

a)

b)

Trypanos oma cruzi

Trypanos oma brucei complex

Stages of Development

   

 

Amastigote Promastigote Epimastigote Trypomastigot e

Epimastigote Trypomastigot e

Possible Models of Transmission

  



 



c)

Leishma 

Amastigote



Congenital Vector borne Transfusion

Vector (Common name and Genus) Common Names  Triatomine bugs  Reduviid bugs  Assassin bugs  Conenose bugs  Kissing bugs Genus  Triatoma  Rhodnius  Panstrongyl us

 Tsetse fly (Glossina spp.) Glossina morsitans (Trypanosoma bruceirhodesiense  ) Glossina palpalis (Trypanosoma brucei gambiense)

Blood transfusion

Disease



Bite (blood



Clinical Samples

Acute phase:  Blood  Mostly asymptomatic, fever, malaise, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomeg aly, nausea, diarrhea Indeterminate Phase:  relatively asymptomatic with no detectable parasitemia Chronic Phase:  10-30% of infected exhibit cardiomyopathy or megasyndromes (megaesophagus, megastomach, megacolon) Human African  Blood Initial symptoms  Chancre (earliest Trypanosomia sis sign)  Lymph node Acute phase/Stage I aspirate  Hemolymphatic  CSF phase Fever, Headache, Joint and Muscle Pain, Weakness, And Lymphadenopathy Winterbottom’s sign. Edema of Arms and Legs



 Glossina morsitans (Trypanosom a brucei rhodesiense) Glossina palpalis (Trypanosom a brucei gambiense)

Characteristics (Unique) Sign/Symptom

Chagas disease or American Trypanosomia sis

Cutaneous

Late phase/Stage II  Meningoencephali tic phase Kerandel’s sign Rhodesian trypanosomiasis Incubation period:



Skin

Mode of Diagnosis (Tests)

Direct examination   

Blood Smears In Vivo culture In Vitro Culture

Indirect examination 

Serological tests – detection of antibody against T. cruzi  Hemagglutination  Immunofluoresce nce  ELISA  Complement fixation

Card Agglutination  test for Trypanosoma (CATT)

Treatment

 Acute stage  nifurtimox (8-16 mg/kg/day, 60-90 days)  benzidazole (5-7 mg/kg/day, 30-120 days)  allopurinol (experimental)  azole antifungal agents (experimental)  Chronic stage  treat symptoms



  Indirect  hemagglutination,  ELISA, immunofluorescen ce





Skin Biopsy

Effective when begun early in the course of the disease (Hemolymphatic phase) Pentamidine and suramin Melarsoprol or tryparsamide (late stage-CSF) DL-alphadiflouoromethylornithine (DFMO, Eflornithine) is an ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor that is highly effective in early and late phase of Gambain Trypanosomiasis Eflornithine: not very effective against Rhodesian sleeping sickness

First-line therapy (Antimonials):

nia tropica



Pomastigote

 

d)

e)

Leishm ania brazilie nsis

Leishm ania donova ni

 

Amastigote Pomastigote

  

 

Amastigote Pomastigot e

  

Congenital transmission Contamination of bite wounds.

Blood transfusion Congenital transmission Contamination of bite wounds.

Blood transfusion Congenital transmission Contamination of bite wounds.

leishmaniasis,  2 weeks to several Old World months cutaneous Skin ulcer: leishmaniasis,  elevated and oriental sores, indurated Delhi boils, Baghdad boils, dry or urban cutaneous leishmaniasis

feed) of the female sandfly, genus Phlebotomu s and Lutzomyia





Bite (blood feed) of the female sandfly, genus Phlebotomu s and Lutzomyia

 

Bite (blood feed) of the female sandfly, genus Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia



Espundia Uta

e)

Destructive and disfiguring lesions of the face (Tapir nose)



 

Skin Mucous Membra ne

 

Destructive and  disfiguring lesions  of the face (Tapir  nose) Espundia:  metastatic spread to the oronasal and pharyngeal mucosa

Blood Bone marrow Liver/Spl een

  

Espundia:  metastatic spread to the oronasal and pharyngeal mucosa



Dum dum fever Kala-azar

f)

SbV, Pentavalent antimonials include sodium stibogluconate and methylglucamine antimonite. Second line theraphy: Amphotericin B,  pentamidine (for kala-azar), metronidazole, nifurtimox.   Liposomal AMB (L-AMB) is less toxic than AMB. It has been effective in the primary treatment of VL in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients f) First-line therapy Skin Biopsy (Antimonials): Membrane Biopsy  SbV, Pentavalent antimonials include sodium stibogluconate and methylglucamine antimonite. g) Second line theraphy:  Amphotericin B, pentamidine (for kalaazar), metronidazole, nifurtimox.  Liposomal AMB (L-AMB) is less toxic than AMB. It has been effective in the primary treatment of VL in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients g) First-line therapy Blood (Antimonials): Bone marrow Liver/Spleen  SbV, Pentavalent antimonials include sodium stibogluconate and methylglucamine antimonite. h) Second line theraphy:  Amphotericin B, pentamidine (for kalaazar), metronidazole, nifurtimox.  Liposomal AMB (L-AMB) is less toxic than AMB. It has been effective in the primary treatment of VL in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients...