Taxonomy and Diversity PDF

Preview

Summary

lecture summary...

Description

Taxonomy Taxonomic Groupings: 1) Domain 2) Kingdom 3) Phylum 4) Class 5) Order 6) Family 7) Genus 8) Species

Acronym 1) Dr. 2) King 3) Philip 4) Comes 5) Over 6) For 7) Great 8) Sex

Human Classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Family: Hominidae Genus: Homo Species: Sapiens

3 Domains: 1. Archaea: a. Prokaryotes, extremophiles i. extreme halophiles (live in very salty conditions) ii. extreme thermophiles (live in very hot conditions) iii. methanogens (extreme anaerobes that release methane gas as a waste) 2. Bacteria: a. Prokaryotes b. Has cell walls - made of peptidoglycan c. Has 2 bacterial lineages: i. Eubacteria (aka true bacteria) ii. Archaebacteria d. Asexual reproduction (binary fission) e. Difficult to classify on species level

3. Eukaryota: 4 Kingdoms: a. Protista i. 2 types: 1. Algae (plant-like) a. autotrophic 2. Protozoa (animal-like) a. heterotrophic, ingestion ii. Unicellular or simple multicellular b. Fungi i. Heterotrophic ii. Cell Wall made of chitin iii. Mostly saprotrophic iv. Sessile v. Include: mushrooms/toadstools, yeasts, truffles, morels, molds, lichens, yeasts vi. Reproduce through means of spores c. Plantae i. Non-vascular plants: 1. Bryophyta (Liverworts, Mosses, Hornworts) a. lack phloem and xylem b. require water for fertilization c. live in damp areas with abundant water ii. Vascular plants: 1. Filicinophyta (ferns) a. Do NOT have seeds b. contain vascular tissue c. consist of true stems, leaves, and roots d. reproduce through spores iii. Seed plants (Spermatophyta) Gymnosperms = do not produce flowers, but they have seeds 1. Coniferophyta (conifers) a. conifer refers to the cone that carries the seed b. needle like leaves, woody stems c. pines, firs, and cedars iv. Anthophyta (Angiospermophyta) - most diverse Angiosperms = specialized seeds that produce flowers 1. Monocotyledons a. flower petals in multiples of 3 b. parallel veined leaves c. fibrous roots d. only herbaceous e. Vascular bundles scattered

2. Dicotyledons a. flower petals in multiples of 4 or 5 b. branching veined leaves c. taproot d. secondary growth (herbaceous or woody) e. Vascular bundles in a ring formation 3. Ovaries transform into fruits, pollination occurs from wind or animals d. Animalia i. Porifera - Sponges 1. Sessile (nonmoving) 2. live in marine environments (ocean floor) 3. perforated with pores- 2 layers of cells 4. asymmetrical 5. lack organs and nervous system ii. Cnidaria/Coelenterata - Jellyfish, hydras, sea anemones 1. one opening - mouth and anus 2. exhibit radial symmetry 3. possess stinging cells (nematocysts) 4. all aquatic, mostly marine 5. diploblastic - medusa, polyp iii. Platyhelminthes - Flatworms, Tapeworms, Planarians, flukes 1. Unsegmented 2. Has mouth, but no anus 3. have a head (cephalization) 4. Bilateral symmetry 5. Flattened Nemathelminthes - roundworms, lung worms, filarial worms iv. v. Annelida - Earthworms, leeches, polychaetes (tubeworms) 1. Bilateral Symmetry 2. Segmented worms 3. Cylindrical bodies 4. move using hydrostatic skeleton and/or parapodia (appendages) 5. no exoskeleton vi. Mollusca - Snails, mussels, squid, octopus 1. Bilateral symmetry 2. Soft bodied animals with hard external shells a. Octopi and Squids are exceptions, they have internal shells 3. Foot, visceral mass, and mantle (secretes shell) 4. Unsegmented vii. Arthropoda - most diverse (and apparently porter’s fave)

● ● ●

viii. ix.

Exoskeleton made of chitin Bilateral symmetry Segmented Classes: 1. Crustacea a. Shrimp b. Crabs, Lobster 2. Arachnida a. spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites, horseshoe crabs 3. Insecta - most diverse class a. locusts, dragonflies, cockroaches, butterflies, bees, ants, beetles, bugs, flies Myriopods = many legs 4. Diplopoda a. Millipedes (round body) b. 2 pairs of legs per segment 5. Chilopoda a. Centipedes (flattened body) b. 1 pair of legs per segment Echinodermata - Starfish, sea urchins Chordata ● all have notochords at some point in evolution, some of which evolve into vertebrates ● Closed circular system Sub-phylum 1. Urochordata 2. Cephalochordata 3. Vertebrates - Craniata a. Osteichthyes - bony fish - seahorse, eels, herring i. swim bladder present b. Chondrichthyes - cartilaginous fish, sharks, rays i. no bone ii. no swim bladder c. Amphibia - frogs, toads, salamanders i. lungs in adult, some may have gills ii. eggs must be laid in water, no shells iii. gas exchange occurs through skin d. Reptilia - snakes, lizards, crocodiles, turtles, and tortoises i. Eggs with soft leathery shells e. Aves - birds i. Eggs with hard shells f. Mammalia - mammals i. Monotreme (Prototheria): lay eggs, have common opening for urogenital and digestive systems

ii.

iii.

1. platypus, Marsupial (Metatheria): have pouches to carry and feed young, babies born incompletely developed, have placentas but not nearly as helpful as placental mammals Placental (Eutheria): contain placenta (such as humans), offers much more nutrition than placenta in marsupials

Fossils ● ●

●

found in sedimentary rock require: ○ pressure ○ hard parts (shell, vertebrae) ○ common (highly populated) ○ species has to exist on the planet for a long time Formation: ○ death in the right place and time ■ cannot be decomposed ■ rocks fall on top of it and protect/compress it ○ have to withstand natural resources ○ high exposure (erosion, people have to look for it)

Dating: ● Index fossils - fossils with known age range ○ when finding new fossils, find position relative to the index fossils ■ if index fossil is under new fossil, then you know that it is newer than the index fossil, so you can determine the relative age range ● radiometric dating ○ Determine how old a fossil is based on the half life of elements ■ such as Carbon - 14 (half-life is 5730 years) ● because the half life is so short, it cannot be used for over 75000 years

Phylogeny - The evolutionary development and history of a species or trait of a species or of a higher taxonomic grouping of organisms

● Look for Points of similarities ● Homologies - structural similarities ● Molecular homologies - check genomes of species and test for percent similarity, can give you relative timeline of when they speciated ● Analogies - Homoplasies (things that have similar functions due to convergent evolution) ● Taxon - name given to a certain level of classification ○ “porifera” is the taxon for phylum of a sponge ● Binomial naming system: Genus species ● or: Genus species

Cladistics -

classification of animals and plants according to the proportion of

measurable characteristics that they have in common ● systematics - describe order of living things ○ hierarchy of interested groups ○ overall organization principles ● cladograms ○ stick figure graphs, show evolution

●

clade - group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its species

●

monophyletic clade - group w/ancestor species and all its descendants

●

paraphyletic grouping - ancestral species and some, not all, descendants

●

polyphyletic grouping - grouping with various species that lack a common ancestor

● ● ● ●

shared ancestral character - character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon shared derived character - evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade outgroup - species or group of species closely related to an ingroup ingroup - various species being studied...