Introduction to diversity and conservation PDF

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FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCESLAB REPORT BMS665 BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATIONPRACTICAL 1: MEASURING BIODIVERSITYLECTURER’S NAME: DR. SITI KHAIRIYAH BINTI MOHD HATTADATE OF SUBMISSION: 8/11/MEMBER’S:NO.NAME ID NUMBER1. MUHAMMAD ASHRAF AIMAN BIN MAT JUSOH 20194706522. AHMAD NUR AQMAL BIN HAIRI 2019871572...

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FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES LAB REPORT BMS665 BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION PRACTICAL 1: MEASURING BIODIVERSITY

LECTURER’S NAME: DR. SITI KHAIRIYAH BINTI MOHD HATTA DATE OF SUBMISSION: 8/11/2021

MEMBER’S: NO . 1.

NAME

ID NUMBER

MUHAMMAD ASHRAF AIMAN BIN MAT JUSOH

2019470652

2.

AHMAD NUR AQMAL BIN HAIRI

2019871572

3.

ARIESYA BINTI ADNAN

2019679092

4

MOHAMAD AMIRUL MUKMININ BIN MOHAMAD

2019456198

5.

MUHAMMAD AFIF BIN MAH HASSAN

2019717819

RUBRICS FOR PRACTICAL/LABORATORY ASSESSMENT Lab report BMS665 Assessment – PRACTICAL 1- MEASURING BIODIVERSITY Name

Muhammad Ashraf Aiman bin Mat Jusoh (Leader)

ID

2019470652

Group

AS2446B

Session

Date: 26/10/2021 Time: 4 – 6 pm

Title

Introductio n Calculation

Content *

Post lab questions Organizatio n**

Sources***

:

Excellent

Good

Average

Poor

Absent

5

4

3

2

0

Introduction (5 marks) Calculation (5 marks) Discussion (5 marks) Task 1 (5 marks) Task 2 (5 marks) Teamwork (max 5m) Responsibility (max 5m) Cited correctly (max 5m) Total

Total marks on all criteria: (

/40)

Rubric for lab report BMS665 Assessment

INTRODUCTION

Biological diversity is the biological variety life on Earth as a result of millions of years of evolution and thousands of years of plant cultivation and animal domestication, can be defined on various levels, ranging from DNA and genes to species, populations, communities, and ecosystems. Biodiversity are frequently group into three main type which is diversity in terms of gene, species, and ecological (Green et al., 2009). Measuring and monitoring biological diversity is a crucial task since biodiversity is essential to almost every aspect of our lives. We value biodiversity for a variety of reasons, as we appreciate biodiversity for what it contributes to us directly or indirectly and for its own right. The worth of it in terms of consumption includes the various basic needs that humans acquire from biodiversity, such as food, fuel, shelter, medicine, industrial material and many more. Furthermore, ecosystems provide essential services such as pollination, seed dispersal, climate regulation, water purification, nutrient cycling, and pest control. Biodiversity is also valuable for potential advantages that have yet to be discovered, such as new medications and other potentially unknown services. Moreover, some group of humans cherish biodiversity for cultural reasons as well, such as spiritual or religious ones. Excessive humans’ domination of Earth over the last century, generating dramatic ecosystem change and significant biodiversity loss all across the world. While changes and extinctions have always occurred on Earth, they are now occurring at an unprecedented rate. Habitat loss, unsustainable resource use, invasive species, pollution, and global climate change are all major direct threats to biodiversity. However, through the true understanding and research of biodiversity can help the survival and crucial function of biodiversity (American Museum of Natural History, n.d.). Understanding biological diversity in terms of the processes by which ecosystems and their component’s function, whether at the genetic, species, or population levels, is crucial to determining its sustainable use and conserving it for future generations. Given that biological diversity is dynamic, evolving and changing in response to biotic and abiotic changes as well as other environmental pressures, it is critical to record and understand how to measure it (Green et al., 2009). Biodiversity can be measure using different biodiversity indexes. A diversity index is a quantitative measure that quantifies the number of distinct types of species in a dataset while also taking into account the evolutionary relationships among the individuals distributed throughout those types, such as richness, divergence, or evenness. The diversity indexes that are used in this experiment are Simpson’s diversity index (SDI) and Shannon diversity index (H).

DISCUSSION Provide your own opinions possible alternative causes and/or results depending on changes of conditions One of the importance of biodiversity measurement is to produce a specific taxonomic distribution of a species (Heydari et al., 2020). Even though a lot of biodiversity basis and models have been studied to compute diversity, many of them still disconcert the researches. Therefore, Simpson’s index and Shannon wiener index have been introduced to determine how biodiversity is measured using simulated ecosystems, which were one of the good methods to quantify the community of a species. For Task 1, by using formula of N (N – 1), the Simpson’s index for different species in the quadrats were 4032 for Quadrat A with N equal to 15, while 4032 for Quadrat B with N equal to 64. Next, by of dividing the answer from formula n(n – 1) and from N (N – 1) at the beginning, the D for Quadrat A and B were 0.7 and 0.23 respectively. Besides, there were some advantages and disadvantages of Simpson’s index, where for advantages were including provide a good general measurement, can covered the whole study area easily and much easier to apply than random sampling. In addition, the disadvantages were less sensitive and heavily weight towards the most abundant species and must compare similar size areas of a fair test. For Task 2, the Shannon wiener index (H) was used measure the community diversity index. It was calculated by using formula H = -SUM [(pi) * ln(pi)], E = H/Hmax for Area 1 were 1.38, H max equal to 1.61 with evenness of 0.86. While, for Area 2, the H was 1.74, H max was 1.95 and the evenness of 0.89. The sample might be so diverse because of higher H value, where in this experiment, Area 2 has greater biodiversity compared to Area 1 because it has higher H value, which was 1.74 index compared to Area 1 which was 1.38. Furthermore, Area 2 is more diverse compared to Area 1 because in Area 2 consists of different species and more interaction might happened. Besides, Area 2 also have more stable diversity with the predator since predator control some population from the dominance in the area. On top of that, Shannon diversity index was good to be used in measuring diversity because it was categorized as statistics to summaries the diversity in a population when each individual belongs to a different group. It is also widely used as diversity indicator that accounts for entropy in ecosystems or representative samples. In my opinion, for Simpson’s index, since D is indirectly proportional with N (total number of individuals of all species), therefore the higher the value of N, the lower the value of D and vice versa. While for Shannon wiener index, if the H value is lower, therefore it has lower biodiversity index and vice versa. For evenness, it is directly proportional with H but inversely proportional with H max. Therefore, any changes with the value under study greatly affected the final value of measurement of biodiversity since it depends either directly or indirectly with each other.

TASK 1

1. Calculate the Simpson’s index for different species seen in quadrats at two sand dune sites and explain the results.

To calculate the community diversity for the different species from two sand dune sites which is Quadrat A and Quadrat B, Simpson’s diversity index (SDI) was used to measure the community diversity index. The Simpson’s diversity index was calculated by using the below formula.

Formula:

Where: n = number of individuals of each species N = total number of individuals of all species

Table below shows the calculation and results of number of individuals of each species and total number of individuals of all species for both Quadrat A and B.

Calculation for total number of individuals of all species for Quadrat A and B:

Quadrat A

Quadrat B

Calculation for number of individuals of each species for Quadrat A and B by using n(n1) formula for each individual:

No. of individuals Species Quadrat A Quadrat B Sea couch 2 2 grass Sea twitch 8 56 grass Sea rocket 1 0 Prickly saltwort 1 0 Lyme grass 3 6 Total 15 64

(n-1) n(n-1) Quadrat A 1 2

(n-1) n(n-1) Quadrat B 1 2

7

56

55

3080

0 0 2

0 0 6 64

-1 -1 5

0 0 30 3112

Next, after obtained both result for number of individuals of each species and total number of individuals of all species for Quadrat A and B, calculate the diversity index for both Quadrat A and B

Simpson’s diversity index calculation:

Quadrat A

Quadrat B

From the result from both quadrats, the diversity index for Quadrat A is 0.7 and Quadrat B is 0.23. This diversity index may indicate as a measurement of diversity of the number of species present and the relative abundance of each species, which means when the number of species richness and evenness increases, the diversity will increase. The value of D ranges between 0 and 1 need to be identified for both quadrats where the index close 1 will indicate infinite diversity while 0 index will be indicated as no diversity. The results show that Quadrat A's index is 0.7 which is close to 1 index than Quadrat B, which is 0.23 lower index Quadrat A. From this index, it can conclude that Quadrat A is more diverse than Quadrat B.

2. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of Simpson’s index: Advantages Provide a good general measurement.

Disadvantages Less sensitive toward species richness and heavily weight towards the most abundant species.

Can covered the whole study area Less sensitive than Shannon-Weiner Index. easily. Much easier to apply than random Must compare similar size areas of a sampling as there is no need for a grid. fair test.

TASK 2

1. Calculate and explain the variation in the biodiversity between both areas. To calculate the community diversity for the different species of insect from two area which is Quadrat A and Quadrat B, Shannon Wiener Diversity Index can be used to measure the community diversity index. The Shannon diversity index was calculated by using the below formula

Formula: H = -SUM [(pi) * ln(pi)] E = H/Hmax Where, SUM = Summation pi= Number of individuals of species i/total number of samples S = Number of species or species richness Hmax = Maximum diversity possible E= Eveness=H/Hmax

Area 1 Order

description

No. of pi=sam ln(pi) sample ple/sum

pi * ln(pi)

Orthoptera (grasshopper)

green with red legs

6

0.22

-1.51

-0.33

Orthoptera (grasshopper)

brown with a yellow stripe

5

0.19

-1.66

-0.32

Lepidoptera (butterfly)

large, blue

1

0.04

-3.22

-0.13

Lepidoptera (butterfly)

small, blue

3

0.11

-2.21

-0.24

Coleoptera (beetle)

red & blue

12

0.44

-0.82

-0.36

Total

27

SUM= -1.38 Shannon 1.38 Index (H)

Sample Values (S) = 6, 5, 1, 3, 12 number of species (N) = 5 H = 1.38 Hmax = ln(N) = ln(5) = 1.61 Evenness = H/Hmax = 1.38/1.61= 0.86 Result: Shannon diversity index (H) =1.38, Evenness = 0.86 For the result of Area 1, the total number of sample of species from the 5 species of insect is 27. The number of individuals of each species was calculated where the result obtained for the H value for this area is 1.38. To get the evenness value, the H max was calculated with the value 1.61 and finally the value for the evenness is 0.86.

Area 2 Order

description

No. ofpi=sam ln(pi) sample ple/sum

pi * ln(pi)

Hymenoptera (wasp)

black

12

0.13

-2.04

-0.27

Hymenoptera (wasp)

purple

21

0.23

-1.47

-0.34

Hymenoptera (bee)

striped

5

0.05

-3.00

-0.15

Orthoptera (grasshopper)

green with red legs

25

0.27

-1.31

-0.35

Orthoptera (grasshopper)

brown with a yellow stripe

2

0.02

-3.91

-0.08

Lepidoptera (butterfly)

large, blue

17

0.19

-1.66

-0.32

Lepidoptera (butterfly)

small, blue

9

0.10

-2.30

-0.23

Total

91

SUM= -1.74 Shannon 1.74 Index (H)

Sample Values (S) = 12, 21, 5, 25, 2, 17, 9 number of species (N) = 7

H = 1.74 Hmax = ln(N) = ln(7) = 1.95 Evenness = H/Hmax = 1.74/1.95= 0.89 Result: Shannon diversity index (H) =1.74, Evenness = 0.89 For the result of Area 2, the total number of sample of species from the 7 species of insect is 91. The number of individuals of each species was calculated where the result obtained for the H value for this area is 1.74. To get the evenness value, the H max was calculated with the value 1.95 and finally the value for the evenness is 0.89.

2. Which H value tells us that there is greater biodiversity? From the results, it showed that the H value for Area 1 is 1.38 with 0.86 evenness while H value for Area 2 is 1.74 with 0.89 evenness. It can conclude that Area 2 has greater biodiversity than Area 1 where it has score higher H value with 1.74 index.

3. Why might this sample be so diverse? As the calculation obtained using Shannon wiener index, the community both from Area 1 and Area 2 has high evenness with 0.86 and 0.89. However, it seems that the Area 2 is more diverse compared to Area 1. Insect in Area B have more population compared to area. The diversity in a community cause by the interaction between species. The Area 2 is more diverse as more different species and more interact might happened. Besides, Area 2 have more stable diversity with the predator like wasps in the area as the predator control some population from the dominance the area.

4. What is a good Shannon diversity index? Shannon diversity index also known as Shannon-Wiener index is diversity indices which are statistics that are used to summaries the diversity of a population when each individual belongs to a distinct group. In ecology, for example, the groups are usually species. In ecology, species richness refers to the number of species present, while species evenness relates to the species' homogeneity. That is, the more proportionate each group's proportions are, the more homogeneous, or even, they are. These notions may be referred to by different terms in different fields of application. The Shannon-Weiner index is a widely used as diversity indicator that accounts for entropy in ecosystems or representative samples which is useful to estimate the diversity. It takes account both of the abundance and the evenness of the species in a community.

REFERENCES

American Museum of Natural History. (n.d.). What is Biodiversity? . American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved November 7, 2021, from https://www.amnh.org/research/center-for-biodiversity--conservation/what-isbiodiversity. Community: Definition, concept, structure: Ecology. Biology Discussion. (2016, December 13). Retrieved November 6, 2021, from https://www.biologydiscussion.com/ecology/community/community-definitionconcept-structure-ecology/70721. Diversity index: Shannon Index/Shannon-Weaver Index (H). Microbeatic. (2012, January 26). Retrieved November 6, 2021, from https://microbeatic.wordpress.com/2012/01/26/diversity-index-shannonindexshannon-weaver-index-h. Enquiry question 1 defining biodiversity what is the nature and value of biodiversity? learning objectives – * to know & understand what 'biodiversity' - ppt download. SlidePlayer. (n.d.). Retrieved November 6, 2021, from https://slideplayer.com/slide/11628223/. Green, M. J. B., How, R., Padmalal, U. K. G. K., & Dissanayake, S. R. B. (2009). The importance of monitoring biological diversity and its application in Sri Lanka. Tropical Ecology, 50(1), 41–56. Heydari, M., Omidipour, R., & Greenlee, J. (2020, June). (PDF) Biodiversity, a review of the concept, measurement ... Retrieved November 6, 2021, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341965612_Biodiversity_a_review_of_the _concept_measurement_opportunities_and_challenges. Sarada Mandal Follow --. (n.d.). 3. plant diversity mapping. SlideShare. Retrieved November 6, 2021, from https://www.slideshare.net/SaradaMandal/3-plantdiversity-mapping. Shannon diversity index. Shannon Diversity Index. (n.d.). Retrieved November 6, 2021, from https://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/software/dataplot/refman2/auxillar/shannon.htm....