TB2 Chapter 8- Memory - test bank from textbook PDF

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A) B) C) D)

A) B) C) D)

1. Memory is best defined as the conscious encoding of information. stored knowledge that has been semantically encoded. the persistence of learning through the storage and retrieval of information. the retrieval of stored information in precisely the same form in which it was encoded.

2. Three basic measures of memory retention are chunking, rehearsing, and semantic processing. encoding, storage, and retrieval. recall, recognition, and relearning. sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

3. A) B) C) D)

Which measure of memory retention is used by fill-in-the-blank test questions? relearning rehearsal recall recognition

A) B) C) D)

An eyewitness to a bank robbery is asked to 4. identify suspects from a police lineup. Which test of memory is being used? recall relearning recognition reconstruction

A) B) C) D)

Which pioneering researcher was the first to 5. make extensive use of nonsense syllables in the study of human memory? George Miller William James Alan Baddeley Hermann Ebbinghaus

A) B) C) D)

Which measure of memory did Ebbinghaus 6. use to assess the impact of rehearsal on the retention of nonsense syllables? recall recognition relearning reconstruction

7. A) B) C) D)

8. A) B) C) D)

Ebbinghaus' retention curve best illustrates the value of chunking. the peg-word system. rehearsal. implicit memory.

Information-processing models compare human memory to a battery. flashlight. course syllabus. computer's operation.

A) B) C) D)

The process of getting information into memory is called spacing. chunking. encoding. registering.

A) B) C)

Annika has difficulty forming long-term memories of classroom lessons because she 10. can't focus her attention long enough to mentally grasp what is being taught. Annika most clearly demonstrates difficulty with echoic memory. iconic memory. encoding.

9.

D)

retrieval.

11. A) B) C) D)

A) B) C) D)

A) B) C) D)

12. The process of retrieval refers to the persistence of learning over time. the organization of information into manageable units. getting information out of memory storage. conscious repetition of information to be remembered.

Using different neural networks to simultaneously encode the voice quality, 13. lyrics, and musical accompaniment of a memorable vocal performance best illustrates parallel processing. massed practice. automatic processing. distributed practice.

14. A) B) C) D)

15. A) B) C)

Memory acquisition is to memory retention as ________ is to ________. recall; recognition rehearsal; relearning imagery; mnemonics encoding; storage

The importance of parallel processing is emphasized by a model of memory known as mnemonics. connectionism. conditioning. the peg-word system.

Which of the following types of memory is of shortest duration? short-term memory explicit memory implicit memory

D)

sensory memory

A) B) C) D)

The relatively permanent and limitless 16. storehouse of the memory system is called ________ memory. sensory long-term working implicit

A) B) C) D)

As compared with long-term memory, short17. term memory is ________ permanent and ________ limited in storage capacity. less; more more; less less; less more; more

A) B) C) D)

After learning the web address of a local retail store, Alex was able to remember it only long 18. enough to post it in his frequent contacts file. In this case, the web address was clearly stored in his ________ memory. implicit short-term echoic long-term

19. A) B) C) D)

Alan Baddeley's model of working memory includes forming implicit memories of learned motor skills. visual and auditory rehearsal of new information. automatic processing of classically conditioned associations. all of the above processes.

20. A) B) C) D)

21. A) B) C) D)

Forming conscious mental images of the location of your bedroom door requires procedural memory. working memory. shallow processing. echoic memory.

Automatic processing and effortful processing refer to two types of encoding. sensory memory. conscious awareness. short-term memory.

A) B) C) D)

22. Effortful processing is encoding that requires implicit memory. conscious attention. visual imagery. echoic memory.

A) B) C) D)

To remember her way from her new home to her school, Julie consciously formed a mental 23. image of each street corner at which she needed to turn. This best illustrates echoic memory. effortful processing. the spacing effect. implicit memory.

24. A) B) C) D)

Conscious memories of facts and personal experiences are called ________ memories. echoic procedural explicit iconic

A) B) C) D)

The original Atkinson-Schiffrin three-stage 25. information-processing model did not consider the formation of short-term memories. implicit memories. sensory memories. long-term memories.

26. A) B) C) D)

27. A) B) C) D)

28. A) B) C) D)

A) B) C) D)

Effortful processing is to automatic processing as ________ is to ________. encoding; retrieval short-term memory; long-term memory the spacing effect; the testing effect explicit memory; implicit memory

We typically encode explicit memories by means of classical conditioning. effortful processing. sequential processing. automatic processing.

Our two-track mind is most clearly illustrated by the difference between massed practice and distributed practice. encoding and retrieval. implicit memory and explicit memory. short-term memory and long-term memory.

Unconsciously encoding incidental 29. information regarding space, time, and frequency best illustrates working memory. the spacing effect. automatic processing. mnemonics.

A) B) C) D)

Memories for well-learned automatic skills 30. such as how to tie your shoes are called ________ memories. iconic procedural working explicit

A) B) C) D)

People can develop classically conditioned emotional reactions without any conscious 31. recollection of how or when those reactions were learned. This best illustrates ________ memory. implicit short-term sensory working

A) B) C) D)

Four-year-old Aaron doesn't recall ever seeing a hypodermic needle, and he can't remember the series of painful injections he received when he was a 2-year-old. When shown a 32. hypodermic needle, however, he reacted with a classically conditioned fear response. Aaron's fear reaction indicates that he retains a(n) ________ memory. iconic echoic implicit procedural

A) B) C) D)

During the course of a day, people may 33. unconsciously encode the sequence of the day's events. This best illustrates the spacing effect. automatic processing. procedural memory. the self-reference effect.

A) B) C) D)

exact locations on the basketball court from 34. which she had taken each of her many shots during yesterday's tournament game. This best illustrates distributed practice. automatic processing. the self-reference effect. working memory.

A) B) C) D)

While reading highly familiar words at a very rapid speed, Megan effortlessly understands 35. almost every word. This ability highlights the importance of echoic memory. automatic processing. the spacing effect. the peg-word system.

A) B) C) D)

By showing people three rows of three letters each for only a fraction of a second, Sperling 36. demonstrated that people have ________ memory. working implicit iconic procedural

A) B) C) D)

37. Iconic memory refers to the encoded meanings of words and events in short-term memory. photographic, or picture-image, memory that lasts for only a few tenths of a second. the effortlessly processed incidental information about the timing and frequency of events. the visually encoded images in long-term memory.

A) B) C) D)

flash disappeared, Ileana retained a vivid 38. mental image of its ragged edges. Her experience most clearly illustrates the nature of ________ memory. iconic working procedural short-term

39. A) B) C) D)

Which of the following is a form of sensory memory? procedural memory working memory echoic memory short-term memory

A) B) C) D)

Iconic memory is to echoic memory as ________ is to ________. short-term memory; long-term memory explicit memory; implicit memory visual stimulation; auditory stimulation shallow processing; deep processing

A) B) C) D)

Arnold was not paying attention to his professor's lecture. But when the professor asked him what she had just said, he was 41. surprised that he had a fleeting memory of her last few words. Arnold's experience best illustrates ________ memory. procedural echoic implicit iconic

A) B) C)

Our immediate short-term memory for new 42. material is limited to roughly ________ bits of information. 3 7 12

40.

D)

24

A) B) C) D)

Peterson and Peterson asked people to count aloud backward after they were presented 43. with three consonants. This study finds that ________ memories will quickly disappear without active processing and rehearsal. long-term sensory short-term implicit

A) B) C) D)

Young adults have ________ working44. memory capacity than children and ________ working-memory capacity than older adults. more; less less; more more; more less; less

A) B) C) D)

High intelligence and an ability to maintain 45. one's focus of attention is most closely associated with a high level of sensory-memory capacity. short-term memory capacity. working memory capacity. long-term memory capacity.

46. A) B) C) D)

The organization of individual items into larger familiar units is called the self-reference effect. chunking. massed practice. the peg-word system.

A) B) C) D)

The letters Y, M, O, M, R, E are presented. Jill remembers them by rearranging them to 47. spell the word “MEMORY.” This provides an illustration of chunking. automatic processing. the spacing effect. the peg-word system.

48. A) B) C) D)

Short-term memory capacity can be increased through iconic memory. chunking. echoic memory. shallow processing.

A) B) C) D)

Memory aids that involve the use of vivid 49. imagery and clever ways of organizing material are called procedural memories. implicit memories. iconic memories. mnemonics.

A) B) C) D)

To remember a list of the school supplies she needs, Marcy mentally visualizes each item at 50. a certain location in her house. Marcy's tactic best illustrates the use of iconic memory. chunking. a mnemonic technique. the spacing effect.

51. A) B) C) D)

Which of the following is a mnemonic that makes effective use of vivid imagery? acronym formation the spacing effect the peg-word system echoic memory

A) B) C) D)

The use of acronyms to improve one's 52. memory of unfamiliar material best illustrates the value of chunking. the peg-word system. distributed practice. the self-reference effect.

A) B) C) D)

By creating an outline in which specific facts and theories are located within the larger framework of major topics and subtopics, 53. Jasmine can remember much more of what she reads in her textbooks. This best illustrates the benefits of implicit memory. the peg-word system. hierarchical organization. the spacing effect.

A) B) C) D)

The tendency for distributed study to yield 54. better long-term retention than massed study is known as the testing effect. deep processing. the spacing effect. chunking.

A) B) C) D)

Students often have longer-lasting memories of information from a one-semester course 55. than from an intensive three-week course. This best illustrates the importance of chunking. automatic processing. implicit memory. the spacing effect.

A) B) C) D)

Enhanced memory after retrieving rather than 56. simply reading information is best demonstrated by the self-reference effect. automatic processing. the testing effect. chunking.

A) B) C) D)

Lynnae's long-term memory of what she reads is improved if she responds to fill-in-the57. blank questions after completing sections of her reading assignments. Her experience best illustrates the self-reference effect. automatic processing. the testing effect. the peg-word system.

58. A) B) C) D)

A) B) C) D)

Encoding a word on the basis of its meaning produces a better memory of the word than 59. encoding a word on the basis of its sound. This best illustrates the value of iconic memory. deep processing. the spacing effect. chunking.

60. A) B) C)

Deep and shallow processing refer to different types of chunking. encoding. sensory memory. automatic processing.

Encoding verbal information based on the meaning of words is called echoic memory. the acronym effect. semantic processing.

D)

chunking.

61. A) B) C) D)

Deep processing of verbal information involves encoding the ________ of words. meanings sounds sizes shapes

D)

Which of the following questions about the word pen would best prepare you to correctly 62. remember tomorrow that you had seen that word in today's test? Does the word consist of three letters? Is the word written in capital letters? Would the word fit in this sentence: “The boy put the ________ on his desk”? Does the word rhyme with den?

A) B) C) D)

Using your working memory to link an unfamiliar textbook glossary term with the 63. first letter sound required to pronounce the term illustrates shallow processing. the peg-word system. procedural memory. automatic processing.

A) B) C) D)

Most people misrecall the sentence, “The angry rioter threw the rock at the window” as 64. “The angry rioter threw the rock through the window.” This best illustrates the impact of iconic memory. the peg-word system. semantic processing. procedural memory.

A) B) C)

A) B) C) D)

of words that included ship, effort, professor, 65. and inquire.” He later recalled these words as “boat, work, teacher, and question.” This best illustrates the impact of shallow processing. the spacing effect. implicit memory. semantic processing.

A) B) C) D)

Rephrasing text material in your own words is an effective way to promote implicit memory. the peg-word system. iconic memory. deep processing.

A) B) C) D)

One reason adults typically recall little of their first three years of life is that during infancy they were unable to verbally label 67. their experiences. This best illustrates that the formation of long-term memories often requires massed practice. shallow processing. parallel processing. semantic processing.

66.

68. A) B) C) D)

69. A) B) C)

The self-reference effect best illustrates the value of deep processing. massed practice. implicit memory. the peg-word system.

The human capacity for storing long-term memories is essentially limitless. roughly equal to seven units of information. typically much greater in young children than in adults.

greatly reduced after people reach the age of 65.

D)

A) B) C) D)

Psychologist Karl Lashley found that rats 70. retained at least a partial memory of how to navigate a maze after he administered a drug to the rats that prevented LTP. removed small pieces of the rats' cerebral cortex. injected the rats with stress hormones. deprived the rats of any opportunity to sleep.

71. A) B) C) D)

The network that processes and stores explicit memories includes the hippocampus and basal ganglia. cerebellum and frontal lobes. frontal lobes and hippocampus. basal ganglia and cerebellum.

A) B) C) D)

Recalling your social security number and 72. holding it in working memory would most clearly require activation of the amygdala. basal ganglia. cerebellum. left frontal lobe.

A) B) C) D)

Recalling a visual scene of last month's party 73. and holding it in working memory would be most likely to activate the right frontal lobe. left frontal lobe. right cerebellum. left cerebellum.

74.

The hippocampus helps process ________ memories for long-term storage.

A) B) C) D)

procedural explicit automatic implicit

A) B) C) D)

Damage to the ________ would most likely 75. interfere with a person's ability to form new memories of a family vacation trip. basal ganglia hippocampus cerebellum amygdala

A) B) C) D)

Following partial recovery from a severe stroke, Mr. Yanagita has learned how to ride a 76. horse. However, he cannot consciously remember that he has learned to do this. It is likely that he has suffered damage to his cerebellum. hypothalamus. hippocampus. basal ganglia.

A) B) C) D)

Memories of newly learned ________ are most likely to be disrupted by damage to the 77. right hippocampus. Memories of newly learned ________ are most likely to be disrupted by damage to the left hippocampus. body coordination skills; classically conditioned fears classically conditioned fears; body coordination skills words; visual designs visual designs; words

A subregion within the ________ is likely to be especially active when people are learning 78. to associate new friends' names with their faces.

A) B) C) D)

A) B) C) D)

cerebellum basal ganglia hippocampus amygdala

The rear area of the ________, which processes spatial memory, grows bigger the 79. longer a London cab driver has been navigating the maze of city streets. thalamus amygdala hippocampus hypothalamus

80. A) B) C) D)

The neural storage of a long-term memory is called context-dependent memory. memory consolidation. the serial position effect. priming.

A) B) C) D)

Memory consolidation is the process in which memories initially registered in the ________ 81. are transferred for long-term storage in other regions of the brain. sensory cortex hippocampus thalamus hypothalamus

A) B) C) D)

The hippocampus and brain cortex display 82. simultaneous activity rhythms during sleep. This appears to be an indication of priming. memory consolidation. the serial position effect. the encoding specificity principle.

A) B) C) D)

Memories initially processed in the 83. hippocampus are transferred to the ________ for long-term storage. basal ganglia cortex cerebellum amygdala

A) B) C) D)

The cerebellum and basal ganglia play an 84. important role in the processing of ________ memories. explicit flashbulb implicit declarative

A) B) C) D)

Damage to the ________ would most likely interfere with learning a conditioned fear 85. response to the sight of a dog who had threatened you on several occasions. hippocampus basal ganglia hypothalamus cerebellum

A) B) C) D)

The deep brain structure(s) involved in motor 86. movement and the formation of our procedural memories for skills is(are) the amygdala. hypot...