TB2 Prologue- The Story of Psychology PDF

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1. A) B) C) D)

2. A) B) C) D)

The first psychological laboratory was established by John Watson. Wilhelm Wundt. Sigmund Freud. Jean Piaget.

One of the earliest schools of thought in psychology was psychiatry. structuralism. cognitive neuroscience. humanistic psychology.

A) B) C) D)

Which school of psychology attempted to identify the basic elements of the mind? structuralism functionalism behaviorism psychoanalysis

A) B) C) D)

Edward Titchener trained people to report 4. elements of their experience and promoted a school of thought known as behaviorism. structuralism. functionalism. humanistic psychology.

A) B) C) D)

Structuralism used a method known as 5. ________ to reveal the basic elements of the mind. massed practice positive psychology introspection psychoanalysis

3.

6. A) B) C) D)

Edward Titchener used the method of introspection to identify inherited traits. maladaptive behaviors. unconscious motives. sensory experiences.

A) B) C) D)

Research participants who carefully observe and report their immediate thoughts and 7. feelings in response to different musical sounds are using the method known as spaced practice. psychoanalysis. introspection. natural selection.

A) B) C) D)

Which research method waned in popularity 8. because its results varied when the technique was used by different people? overlearning introspection behavior genetics spaced practice

A) B) C) D)

The early school of psychology that focused 9. on how mental and behavioral processes enable us to adapt and survive was called behaviorism. structuralism. behavior genetics. functionalism.

10. A) B) C) D)

The early school of psychology known as functionalism was promoted by Wilhelm Wundt. William James. John B. Watson. Carl Rogers.

11. A) B) C) D)

12. A) B) C) D)

William James was primarily concerned with the _______ of the mind. functions elements disorders biological origins

Functionalism is to structuralism as ________ is to Edward Titchener. John Locke B. F. Skinner William James John B. Watson

A) B) C) D)

The pioneering memory researcher, Mary Whiton Calkins, was denied the ________ 13. Ph.D. degree she had earned under the mentorship of _________. University of Leipzig; Wilhelm Wundt Radcliff College; John B. Watson Harvard University; William James Cornell University; Edward Titchener

A) B) C) D)

The first woman to receive a Ph.D. in 14. psychology later wrote an influential book, The Animal Mind. Her name was Mary Whiton Calkins. Rosalie Rayner. Margaret Floy Washburn. Jean Piaget.

A) B) C) D)

Who dismissed introspection and redefined 15. psychology as “the scientific study of observable behavior”? Watson and Skinner Freud and James Wundt and Titchener Rogers and Maslow

A) B) C) D)

Early behaviorists such as John B. Watson 16. would have been LEAST likely to encourage research that focused on maladaptive eating habits. the meaning of frightening dreams. effective parenting techniques. crime-deterring legal practices.

17. A) B) C) D)

The value of introspection was most clearly dismissed by Freudian psychologists. functionalists. structuralists. behaviorists.

A) B) C) D)

18. B. F. Skinner was a prominent American psychiatrist. behaviorist. cognitive neuroscientist. structuralist.

A) B) C) D)

The study of inner thoughts and feelings is to 19. the study of observable behavior as Edward Titchener is to John B. Watson. William James. Sigmund Freud. Wilhelm Wundt.

A) B) C) D)

The mind's defenses against its own 20. unconscious wishes and impulses were of special interest to John B. Watson. Charles Darwin. Sigmund Freud. B. F. Skinner.

A) B) C) D)

Humanistic psychologists such as ________ 21. emphasized the growth potential of healthy people. Wundt and Titchener Freud and James Rogers and Maslow Watson and Skinner

A) B) C) D)

The interdisciplinary study of the brain 22. activity linked with mental activities such as perception, memory, and language is called behavior genetics. positive psychology. cognitive neuroscience. clinical psychology.

23. A) B) C) D)

24. A) B) C) D)

25. A) B) C) D)

The science of behavior and mental processes is called naturalistic observation. natural selection. behaviorism. psychology.

In exploring human behavior, contemporary psychologists rely most heavily on introspection. psychoanalysis. massed practice. scientific methods.

Behavior is to mental processes as ________ is to ________. nature; nurture sensation; memory talking; understanding clinical psychology; psychiatry

A) B) C) D)

Psychology developed from the more established fields of philosophy and biology. 26. For example, ________ was an American philosopher and ________ was an Austrian physician. Wilhelm Wundt; Ivan Pavlov William James; Sigmund Freud B. F. Skinner; John B. Watson John Locke; René Descartes

A) B) C) D)

27. Wilhelm Wundt was both a psychoanalyst and psychiatrist. physiologist and philosopher. sociologist and psychiatrist. theologian and philosopher.

A) B) C) D)

28. Ivan Pavlov pioneered the study of learning. perception. personality. mental illness.

A) B) C) D)

The controversy over the relative 29. contributions of genes and experience on psychological traits is known as the levels of analysis dilemma. structuralism-functionalism debate. cognitive neuroscience controversy. nature–nurture issue.

A) B) C) D)

Angie wonders whether her calm and relaxed personality style was learned or inherited. 30. Angie's concern is most directly relevant to the issue of observation and introspection. behavior and mental processes. nature and nurture. conscious mind and unconscious mind.

A) B) C) D)

Do psychological differences between men and women result from biological influences 31. or social influences? This question most clearly involves a debate over the issue of conscious and unconscious thought. observation and introspection. behavior and mental processes. nature and nurture.

A) B) C) D)

In the context of debates regarding the origins 32. of knowledge, Aristotle is to ________ as Plato is to ________. mind; body basic research; applied research introspection; naturalistic observation nurture; nature

A) B) C) D)

Which philosopher concluded that certain ideas were inborn? Aristotle Plato Locke Watson

A) B) C) D)

Professor Kim suggests that young children from all cultures can distinguish between singular and plural nouns because the concept 34. of quantity is inborn. The professor's suggestion would have been most readily accepted by Plato. John B. Watson. B. F. Skinner. John Locke.

33.

35. A)

Unlike Plato, Aristotle emphasized that knowledge is a product of logical reasoning.

B) C) D)

inborn ideas. sensory experience. introspection.

36. A) B) C) D)

Charles Darwin suggested that the evolution of living organisms is guided by rational thought. natural selection. introspection. unconscious motives.

A) B) C) D)

Which principle suggests that inherited traits contributing to reproduction and survival will 37. most likely be passed on to succeeding generations? behavior genetics structuralism natural selection positive psychology

A) B) C) D)

Studying the impact of natural selection on the development of behaviors and mental 38. processes that we humans have in common is of most central interest to humanistic psychology. social psychology. community psychology. evolutionary psychology.

A) B) C) D)

Studying the relative power and limits of 39. genetic and environmental influences on behavior is of most central interest to cognitive neuroscience. behavior genetics. evolutionary psychology. behaviorism.

A) B) C) D)

A) B)

C) D)

excel in the highly competitive sports training programs at her school because she is more 40. genetically predisposed to crave excitement and challenge than are her classmates. This BEST illustrates that some ideas are innate. the mind is a blank slate on which experience writes. nurture works on what nature endows. nature selects traits that best enable us to survive in a particular environment.

41. Culture is best described as the entire collection of character strengths that help individuals and communities to thrive. the enduring ideas, values, and traditions shared by a group and transmitted across generations. the contribution that experience makes to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. basic moral values that are shared by all of humanity.

A) B) C) D)

The transmission of political practices and 42. religious customs from one generation to the next best illustrates the importance of introspection. massed practice. structuralism. culture.

A)

Slender women are considered especially beautiful in one country; in another country, stout women are seen as particularly attractive. In both countries, however, women 43. perceived as very beautiful receive preferential treatment. This best illustrates that ________ often underlie cultural differences. common psychological processes

B) C) D)

gender differences unconscious preferences genetic dissimilarities

44. A) B) C) D)

A) B) C) D)

Psychologists report that genders differ in their risk of alcohol use disorder. depression. eating disorders. all of these problems.

To balance historic psychology's focus on human problems and negative emotions, 45. Martin Seligman called for the development of behavior genetics. cognitive neuroscience. positive psychology. introspection.

A) B) C) D)

A biopsychosocial approach is one that requires the use of introspection. SQ3R. the testing effect. multiple levels of analysis.

A) B) C) D)

A complete picture of how mental processes 47. are influenced by both social systems and brain functions is most clearly provided by behaviorism. humanistic psychology. a biopsychosocial approach. introspection.

46.

A) B) C) D)

A) B) C) D)

Poor nutrition, family stress, and memory difficulties have all contributed to Mr. 48. Leonard's depression. Effectively explaining the full complexity of his problems requires psychoanalysis. positive psychology. a biopsychosocial approach. an evolutionary level of analysis.

Ali insists that intellectual skills are inherited; Claire argues that intelligence is developed 49. through educational experiences. Ali and Claire have differing perspectives on intelligence that complement each other. are impossible to test scientifically. illustrate the distinction between behavior and mental processes. illustrate the conflict between psychology and psychiatry.

A) B) C) D)

Which perspective is most directly concerned 50. with how the physical properties of the brain influence behavior and mental states? social-cultural psychodynamic behavioral neuroscience

A) B) C) D)

In a class lecture, Professor Hampton emphasized the extent to which abnormal blood chemistry can contribute to 51. psychological disorders. The professor's lecture highlighted a ________ perspective on psychological disorders. psychodynamic neuroscience social-cultural cognitive

A) B) C) D)

The evolutionary perspective focuses on the impact of ________ on human traits. introspection natural selection unconscious motives rational thought

A) B) C) D)

Mark believes that people's dislike of bittertasting foods has promoted human survival. 53. His belief best illustrates the ________ perspective. psychodynamic social-cultural evolutionary behavioral

A) B) C) D)

Which perspective is most directly concerned with assessing the relative contributions of 54. heredity and environmental experience to differing levels of human intelligence? cognitive behavioral psychodynamic behavior genetics

A) B) C) D)

The behavior genetics perspective would be 55. most directly concerned with assessing the relative influences of behavior and mental processes. conscious and unconscious motives. nature and nurture. spaced practice and massed practice.

52.

Professor Hernandez attempts to assess how the interaction of genes and the environment 56. contribute to children's vulnerability to depression. Her research best illustrates the concerns of the ________ perspective.

A) B) C) D)

psychodynamic behavior genetics cognitive behavioral

A) B) C) D)

A clinical psychologist who explains behavior 57. in terms of unconscious drives and conflicts is employing a(n) ________ perspective. evolutionary psychodynamic behavioral social-cultural

A) B) C) D)

The high school counselor has suggested that Skylar's romantic feelings for her physics teacher reflect her unconscious longings for 58. attention from her own father. The counselor's assessment most clearly reflects a(n) ________ perspective. behavioral evolutionary psychodynamic behavior genetics

59. A) B) C) D)

A) B)

The behavioral perspective is most likely to emphasize the importance of learning. introspection. inherited traits. self-esteem.

Natassia believes that boys learn to be more aggressive than girls primarily because boys are more frequently pressured to defend 60. themselves with fists. Natassia's belief is best described as an example of the ________ perspective. behavioral cognitive

C) D)

psychodynamic neuroscience

A) B) C) D)

The evolutionary perspective is to ________ as the behavioral perspective is to ________. applied research; basic research nature; nurture clinical psychology; psychiatry unconscious mind; conscious mind

A) B) C) D)

Which psychological perspective highlights 62. the manner in which people encode, process, store, and retrieve information? cognitive behavioral behavior genetics evolutionary

A) B) C) D)

A concern with the reasoning processes that contribute to effective problem solving is 63. most characteristic of the ________ perspective. behavioral evolutionary social-cultural cognitive

A) B) C) D)

Dr. MacPherson believes that the way students organize and think about the information in their textbooks will strongly 64. influence their ability to later remember and use what they have studied. Dr. MacPherson's ideas most directly exemplify the ________ perspective. social-cultural cognitive psychodynamic behavior genetics

61.

A) B) C) D)

Which psychological perspective is most 65. likely to examine how group membership influences individual attitudes and behaviors? neuroscience psychodynamic evolutionary social-cultural

A) B) C) D)

Dr. Matias has concluded that very few people in a small African country suffer from 66. alcohol use disorder because of the strong influence of their religion. This belief best illustrates a(n) ________ perspective. evolutionary psychodynamic neuroscience social-cultural

A) B) C) D)

A theoretical perspective in psychology can be like a two-dimensional view of a three67. dimensional object because each perspective is limited in its scope. likely to contradict other perspectives. of little value for applied research. impossible to test scientifically.

68. A) B) C) D)

Which psychologists are MOST likely to be involved in basic research? industrial-organizational psychologists cognitive psychologists community psychologists clinical psychologists

A) B) C) D)

Dr. Tiao conducts basic research on the effects of head injuries on people's problem69. solving and abstract-reasoning skills. Which psychological specialty does her research best represent? developmental psychology biological psychology industrial-organizational psychology personality psychology

A) B) C) D)

Dr. Winkle conducts basic research on the systematic changes in intelligence associated 70. with aging. It is most likely that Dr. Winkle is a(n) ________ psychologist. biological social developmental industrial-organizational

A) B) C) D)

Dr. Karima conducts basic research on the effectiveness of test-enhanced learning on a 71. person's ability to remember information. Dr. Karima is most likely a ________ psychologist. social personality biological cognitive

A) B) C) D)

Dr. Wilcox conducts basic research on the behavioral differences between shy and 72. outgoing people. Dr. Wilcox is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist. biological cognitive industrial-organizational personality

A) B) C) D)

Dr. Veenstra conducts basic research on the impact of racial prejudice on behavior. Dr. 73. Veenstra is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist. clinical social biological industrial-organizational

A) B) C) D)

Scientific studies conducted to solve practical problems are most clearly examples of a biopsychosocial approach. positive psychology. the testing effect. applied research.

A) B) C) D)

Dr. Ochoa develops tests to accurately identify the most qualified job applicants in a 75. large manufacturing firm. Which psychological specialty does Dr. Ochoa's work best represent? developmental psychology industrial-organizational psychology biological psychology clinical psychology

A) B) C) D)

A helping profession devoted to assisting 76. people with problems often related to school, work, or marriage is known as personality psychology. counseling psychology. cognitive psychology. social psychology.

A) B)

Which professional specialty focuses on the 77. diagnosis and treatment of people with psychological disorders? personality psychology biological psychology

74.

C) D)

clinical psychology developmental psychology

A) B) C) D)

Working in a community mental health center, Dr. Thatcher treats adults who suffer from 78. major depressive disorder. Dr. Thatcher is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist. personality industrial-organizational clinical developmental

A) B) C) D)

Which specialists are the most likely to 79. prescribe a drug for the treatment of a psychological disorder? developmental psychologists clinical psychologists personality psychologists psychiatrists

A) B) C) D)

Which branch of psychology is most likely to 80. study how social institutions affect the wellbeing of individuals and groups? cognitive psychology community psychology clinical psychology counseling psychology

A) B) C) D)

The enhanced memory that accompanies 81. repeated self-testing of previously learned material best illustrates the value of introspection. retrieval practice. positive psychology. a psychodynamic perspective.

82. The SQ3R method encourages students to

read each text chapter quickly in order to minimize boredom. read each text chapter without any preconceptions about what they might learn. survey a text chapter's organization before actually r...