Teacher: David Clark PDF

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Teacher: David Clark...

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ORH 1030- Plants, Gardening, and You -

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Week 1 Why are plants important? o Food o Clothing- hemp, silkworm, cotton o Paper/fiber- paper use as high as its been ever- plastic- paper is degradable o Shelter o Fuel- using corn for biofuel causes price of milk to raise- Brazil close to using it with sugarcane for ethanol o Medicine o Climate control o Culture and art o Aesthetics o Change behavior Why are gardens important o Human well being o Safe healthy food o Exercise o Add beauty o Learn biology o Meet people o Gardening is #1 past time in the US Interesting.. o US students prefer to study animals rather than plants o A tendency to under-emphasize plants in teaching biology o Particularly common with urban people o PG&Y is 80% urban, but you are plant blind…  Inability to notice or see plants in one’s own environment o You can’t have animals without plants What do plants need? o Environment o The right temperature o The right light- photosynthesis o The right amount of water o The right soil o The right nutrition  We control all of these Plants never forget where they come from- if they are from a particular environment they like this best What is horticulture? o The science and art of growing plants for man’s use- both beauty and utility

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o US Horticulture and Diverse choices, genetics, environments The past o Native Americans- three sisters- squash, beans, corn- easy to grown and has carbs (corn- fiber, squash) and proteins (beans)- broad leaves of squash then corn provides support for the beans- live in harmony o Subsistence o In harmony with nature o Thomas Jefferson  Our third president  Our first great seed collector  Exotic fruits and vegetables  Internationally connected o Frederick Law Olmstead  Our first great landscape architect- a visionary  Central Park NYC, Biltmore Estate- etc o The Morrill Act-1862- Civil War  Established Land Grant Colleges for Teaching, Research, and Extension  UF and FAMU  Provide education for common people o Now  Managing the supply chain from farm to consumer  Farm machinery  Greenhouse technologies  Harvesting and transport  Processing and Handling  Cold Storage  Packaging and Food Science  Agricultural Chemicals- more environmental management  Fertilizers  Pest o Environmental technologies  National Weather Service and Satellites  Resource management   Soil water light temp- now digital remote control  Production has changed and products always available, not always good, food products are diverse o Our future- healthy safe sustainable consumer preference  Physical health  Psychological health Week 2 Crop Domestication o What is domestication?

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Where an organism is changed by humans to better serve human needs- pretty recently  Ex: Gray wolf domesticated to a dog  Through artificial selection  Ex: blueberries- make them produce more and bigger  Beer  The beginning of farming or agricultural society as we know it started 10 to 13000 years ago  The earliest evidence of beer making can be traced back to the Natufian culture which pre dates to the Neolithic period  Led to cultivation and domestication of grains for fermentation What are some traits that have been selected for in domesticated crops?- corn- Native to South America- apples made larger and color- cotton- long fiber  No fruit abscission- they don’t fall  More and bigger fruits  Loss of daylight dependence  Determinate growth  Color variation  Loss of vernalization requirement  Increased seed number  Reduced height  Reduced dormancy Plant breeding  Artificial selection  Required: genetic variation  Mate the 2 plants together to combine desirable traits  Reshuffle genes  Plant lots of seeds  Evaluate evaluate evaluate the seedlings  CULL CULL CULL  Identify plants with superior phenotypes  Find the few progeny from this cross that combine genetics best Apples  Malus domestica  Ancestor: Malus sieversii  7,500 known cultivars  McIntosh + Red Delicious= Empire More Plant Breeding Techniques  Mutation breeding  Radiation or chemical mutagenesis  Causes random changes DNA sequence- creates genetic variability

From 1930-2014 > 3200 mutagenic cultivars have been released  Produce traits that cannot be found in nature such as larger seeds, seedless, new colors, or sweeter fruits  Molecular markers  Tags in DNA sequence that help us to incorporate a new trait faster  Especially useful for disease resistance  Genetic engineering  Useful when genes are not present in a plant of interest  Useful when genes in a plant need to be silenced  Arctic apple- doesn’t brown- silenced gene  Innate potato- less arginine > less acrylamide when friedintroduced gene from potato relative  Almost all of your food comes from another place  Teosinte- corn used to be smaller than a quarter  Humans have changed corn for over 10,000 years  Wild bananas are full of seed  Brassica olaracea- artificial selection to make broccoli, cauliflower, collard greens, brussel sprouts, kale, cabbage, kohlrabi  Sunflowers, tomatoes both can grow to be very large  Tomatoes are from Central/South America o Domesticated there, and then moved to other parts of the world before coming back to North America- ex: Italy didn’t have them until 100 years ago o Different shapes flavors, etc  Variation in potatoes too, amazing variation in wild potatoes- tremendous gains from breeding, what would you change? o Potatoes are also from South America o Went back to Europe during exploration o Came to North America later  Cotton mutations- stronger fibers to make clothing  Conclusions:  Most of the plants that you eat are not from here  Original forms of plants and most crops are almost useless  Humans have improved crops greatly using selection  Plant breeding is an important job and a wonderful opportunity o Extra Credit tomato  Sweet 100 tomato plant  Solanum Iychopersicum 

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Give it as much light and warmth as possible Plan to obtain soil and a larger pot from the white truck Water using the finger test- wont need water for 5 or 6 daysthen maybe every 4 or 5 days Use a stake and tie to keep the plant upright

 Week 3 Quiz next week- Week 2-3 a little less on lecture 1 Plant Propagation- manipulate plants to make more plants- cheapest way is to grow plants by seed (sexual) How do plants grow? o Photosynthesis o Occurs in green tissue o Requires light o Produces food  CO2+H20+light-> sugar (C6H1206)+ O2 o Respiration  Occurs in all cells  Occurs in light and dark  Releases energy  Sugar+O2->CO2+O2+ energy o Transpiration- starts in the roots, to leaves through stomatescarbon comes in here as well  H20 movement through plants  Involves 90% of plat H20  Process by which plants lose H20 through stomates  Necessary because plants are about 95% H20 o Types of Plant propagation  Sexual- SEEDS genetic recombination  Asexual- coleus can do both ways- turfgrass  Clones  Same characteristics as parent plant  Multiplication of plants from vegetative parts  Shoots roots leaves bulbs or corms  Grafting and budding  Media- Stay light  Peat moss- holds water  Bark- aeration  Perlite- aeration  Vermiculite- aeration  Sand- dense  Organic matter o Seed propagation  Cheapest way to produce many new plants  Lots of genetic variability  Best for palms grasses

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Seeds must be collected when fully ripe Most tropical seeds have short variability (plant immediately) Most temperate seeds have long viability Gymnosperms- do not flower- they form cones- more ancientless variability fewer species- pine cones  Conifers, pine, junipers, fir  Cycads- cones are male and female- orange seeds- Florida Coontie

Angiosperms- flowering plants- more recent- more variability and ways of reproducing  Monocot- corn, wheat, barley, rice, more bulk  Corn- top is the male flower head- bottom are female flower heads  Dicot- seeds break in two pieces, peanuts- 3 pieces, 2 cots o Cot- help support life of an embryo o Tomato- female and male parts in same flowerstigma, style, ovary- female parts- pistil; o Planting seeds  Treatments are plants specific  Use clean media which is well drained  Plant seeds as deep as they are wide  The first days after germination are most critical- most vulnerable not fully grown  Germination- get out of ground and become self sufficient through photosynthesis and become green  Roots then shoots  Asexual Propagation  Utilize: stems, roots, leaves, or combinations of stems and leaves  Make CLONES- genetically identical  Always use healthy stock plants  Stem cuttings  Softwood to hardwood material  Softwood cuttings- gymnosperms o Current seasons growth (spring to early summer) for fast rooting plants  Hardwood cuttings- angiosperms o Older growth- (late Summer to Fall)- for slow rooting plants  1-6 inches in length- can vary  Lower leaves removed from bottom part- to prevent plant from losing as much water as possible  Rooting hormones- may or may not need 

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Week 4 Strawberries

o Applied to basal ½ inch o Composed of auxins- IBA, NAA May compromise only the lead blade or lead blade and petiole Begonias, Lead-bud cuttings o Include leaf blade, petiole, and stem o Every node can be a cutting Cutting/Rooting- coleus, cut part of the plant off Layering- leave attached o New plant formed while attached to parent plant o Benefits Less stress  Larger cutting possible  Any season (spring and summer best) Tip Layering o Climbing roses, jasmine, abelia, oleander, and azaleas o Bend lower branch to ground, wound on pin 2-3 inches below soil line keep moist o Nature sometimes does all of this for you- just look around Divisions o Involves cutting or pulling apart large clumps into smaller sections o Each section must have adequate stems, leaves roots and buds o Do this anytime during the growing season o Ferns, orchids, daylilies, bulbous plants, and grasses Propagation units o Acquarium or terrarium o Plastic pot and bag can be inexpensive unit o Cutting in the pot o Place pot in the bag with wire hoops to keep bag off foliage o Seal top to maintain high humidity Around campus… o Be nice, not greedy o Look around campus and parking lots o Free plants and seeds are everywhere

o Modern day strawberry created in France went to North and South America- bees cross pollinated them o Fragaria  Temperate and tropical distribution  Herbaceous perennial- dies and sprouts back up from roots  Crown- basal central stem  Runner- stolon  Self propagating  20+ species- not a whole lot  Ploidy diversity- relates to chromosomes  Annual plant grows from seed to seed and dies in one year, perennial grows in more than one season dies and comes back in a couple years- Florida is grown as annual up north is more perennial****** strawberries need chilling environment to germinate/flower o Ploidy diversity  Human n=23  2n=2x=46  Fragaria  N=7  Commercial strawberries are octoploidy o Which one do we eat?  None of them  The modern strawberry  Fragaria x ananassa  Would not have happened in nature because the two are not close to each other- people crossed them  Timeline  Didn’t exist until 1760  1834- picture in phone o Fruit Development  Numerous ovaries give rise to aggregate fruit  Seed achenes the true fruit o Single ovule  Flesh- receptacle, the falst fruit o Epidermis o Cortex o Internal pith  Receptacle flesh development and ripening is in sync with embryo formation and achene seed maturation  Takes about 3-4 weeks to ripen  Ripe and Fragant volatiles- green to red sugar goes up  High energy compound have energy  Orthonasal olfaction- smell  Retronasal olfaction- flavor

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Taste- sweet sour bitter salty can just use mouth not nose  Flavor- uses both nose and mouth  Hold nose and pineapple and strawberry taste the samelet go and you can tell the flavor  Low in calories, fat Global Production  563,000 acres  4.3 million tons annually  Production, cultivation, and yield increasing  USA world leader in production then Turkey, Spain, Egypt, Republic of Korea Perennial Beds  Traditional production method  Temperate climates  Cold/dormancy  2-4 year production  No marketable fruit in the first year  Renovation  Mow plants above the crown  Disk between the rows  Fertilize  Irrigate  Pre emergence herbicide Annual Plasticulture  Polyethylene beds  Drip irrigation/fertilization  Soil sterilization  Methyl bromide  Steam  Need to buy transplants yearly  High elevation/cold climate nursery  Do this for one year not multiple years Tunnel Production  Polyethylene sheeting over hoops  Extend growing season  Warmer spring and fall  Convertible Hydroponic  Soilless cultivation  Nutrient solution  Increased water efficiency  Increased control of fertilizer  Higher density  Increased yields

o Oregon  1900 acres  18000 tons  $15 million  June- 3 weeks  Perennial  90% processed  “Totem”  “hood”  Haagan Dazs o California- grows the most in US  38,600 acres  780,000 tons  $1.8 billion  Watsonville- Santa Mara- Southern Cali  Annual plasticulture  High elevation nurseries o Spain  20,000 acres  300,000 tons  Fresh market  80% export  January to June  Annual Tunnel production  Huelva, Andalusia  3000 hours of sunlight a year  Cv Camarosa  Cv Oso Grande o Florida- all used as fresh and produce early fruit- blueberries also produce early fruits in Florida  10,000 acres  114,000 tons  100% fresh market  $400 million  Annual plasticulture, tunnel, greenhouse  Winter Production  September o Transplants from Nova Scotia  November- March o Harvest o FROST  April o Clear fields

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Week 5 UF Coleus Breeding o Background  Origin: Indonesia- tropical zone  Descendants from Coleus blumei  Coleus- from the Greek “koleos” meaning sheath  Blumei- named for Karl Ludwig Blume a Dutch botanist o Botanical Classification  Family Lamiaceae (mint family)  Genus: Plectranthus  Over 150 species of this  Recently re-named Plectranthus scutellarioides  An allotetraploid (2n=48) o Early breeding attempts  First introduced by Dutch traders mid 1800s  First breeding attempt 1880- William Bull  Popular among Victorian era gardens o UF Breeding Program  Program established in 2003  Mostly open pollinated seeds- bees do the biz  Recurrent Mass Selection- plant a lot of plants and then you pick the best seeds off of the best plants  Selections and establishment of vegetatively propagated cultivars- propagate and make clones by cutting them o Coleus  Amazing genetic variability  It is very promiscuous  It self pollinates and cross pollinates  It is a tetraploid with active transposons (jumping gene can cut itself out and stick itself somewhere else- changes colors different places) o Main Research objectives  Make tough idiot proof plants  Brighter colors with less fading- same color in sun and shade  Superior branching and habit  Late flowering cultivars  Annual- disposable plant to keep buying more  Train tomorrow’s plant breeders  Only about 5 make it big time o Recurrent Mass Selection

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 Collection of seeds and seed planting- Fall  Growth of about 35000 seedlings in January  1st round of selection at five weeks for bright color  Select Down to 2000 plants starting from 50,000 o Field Trials  Pine Acres (sun) and Gainesville (shade)  Data Collection  Plant Vigor  Branching habit  Color consistency  Plant consistency  Late flowering  A few weeks later- select for the ones that are still alive  Bright colors less fading- a pink may turn purple  Cross of Red Queen  Gator Glory Coleus- made by kids in this class used at graduation and presidential events  Profit slide in phone  UF Coleus  Now sold in every state, Canada, EU, South Africa and Japan  >25 trial garden winners across the US  Slide in phone Week 6 Floral- Guest Speaker o In 22 countries o Flower world no expiration- #1 reason is because flowers didn’t last as long as they expect so don’t buy o 82-88% of flowers in US come through MIA Intl Airport o Flowers are grown near the equator- more sun better temperature no seasons can grow all year labor less expensive o Cost to refrigerate has dropped- able to move more efficiently o Marketing of flowers has shifted away from one person bride and weddings to doing weddings out of Publix o Treat the flowers from after they are picked and all handled different o Ecuador and Colombia supply us and Africa- Kenya Ethiopia supple Europe and Asia o 60,000 full boxes of flowers moved in Miami- In February it doubles and in summer its less- travel on cargo plane- TSA- look for 1) not native insects 2) that the paper matches whats in the box 3) no drugs or illegal things through flowers o 3 Channels to move through- wholesale- Ecommerce- Supermarkets o 37 bouquet companies in Miami alone- run 24 hours a day and employ 22,000 people

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o Miami 9th largest cargo airport and by volume flowers is largest coming through o Demand for flowers going up and in need of people who understand the chemistry behind it o Marketing big part of industry o 80% of buying flowers in supermarket is impulse o Now moving flowers by sea container- takes longer but less expensive (by 50%) and lower cost of flowers and more purchases o Important to be bilingual since flowers come from so many different countries o The colder the temperature the flower is stored at the longer it will last o Plant hormone- ethylene- C4H4 higher temperature the more active the molecule/compound is  Ethylene Inhibitor prevents the ripening of the flower if set on the site the ethylene o Cut flower is going to die eventually- nutrients in the packet to make it last much longer o North American flowers are grown in Colombia Ecuador Guatemala, South America o Shipping and labor are two biggest costs- particularly laboralmost always go up but shipping costs can go up and down due to gasoline variations, etc Week 7 Creating an Edible Landscape o Any Landscape can become an edible landscape  Choose for appropriate size  Plant what you like to eat  Choose for desired maintenance level- pace yourself fertilize weed, water, prune, be happy with your work  Select appropriate varieties  Hours below 45F  Required to induce proper flowering and fruit set  Choose according to your location in the state  Look for disease resistant varieties  Fruits and vegetables almost always grow in full sun- need a lot of photosynthesis to make a big fruit  Tomatoes most popular item to grow in gardens- grown by more conscious, educated people o Information Sources  Choose Florida Publications where possible  EDIS- http://edis.ifas.ufle.edu  County Extension  Agents  Master Gardeners  University Websites

o Citrus  Not Native- Asia  Typically grafted  Long harvest season  Easy to grow  Florida citrus industry is in deep trouble o Oranges  Navel orange  October- January  Large fruit  Small crops  Easy to peel  Eaten fresh- not squeezed into juice  Seedless- less than six seeds  Cara Cara Navel  October- January  Red Colored flesh  Valencia  March- June  Best juice orange  Excellent juice color- hard to peel o Grapefruit  Duncan  Dec- May  Lots of seeds  Good flavor  White flesh  Old school variety  Marsh  November- may  Seedless  Number 1 for processing  Red grapefruit  December-may  Ruby red grapefruit o Tangerines  Sunburst  November-December  Can be seedy  Most widely planted  Satsuma- Clementine  September- November  Earliest of mandarin types  Most cold hardy  Loose skin= more shipping loss

o Acid fruit  Key lime  Everbearing  Cold susceptible  Thorny or thornless  South Florida  Meyer Lemon  November-March  Bush growth habit  Most cold hardy lemon  Smooth skin  High juice content o Citrus care  Locate in full su...