Teacher: Natalie Ebner PDF

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Teacher: Natalie Ebner...

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DEP3053 8/22/13 Course Description-Human Development is a lifelong process -Fundamental concepts and empirical research on human development from biological, psychological and contextual perspective -Evaluate empirical research, develop critical thinking, and draw connections to everyday phenomena

8/27/13

Gains and losses are more even at younger ages Stability vs change - Continuity vs Discontinuity- trees vs butterfly/caterpillar - Development is Differential - Pragmatics ex: wisdom scattered across age but pretty stable - Mechanics ex: working memory decreases with age - Development is Multicontextual- human lives are embedded in multiple contexts - Three Contextual Influences- Paul Baltes, biology - Development is Malleable (Plasticity) o Every individual can be altered at any point in life (ongoing change) but each person must build on what has come before o Three interacting domains of human development- biological cognitive socioemotional - First Age: Childhood and adolescence - Second Age: Prime adulthood (20’s through 50s) - Third Age: 60-79 - Fourth Age: 80+ - Age: Chronological, Biological, Psychological, Social 8/29/13 -

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Cross Sectional Design o Compares groups of people who differ in age but are similar in other important characteristics- ex: socioeconomic status of young, middle, and old age Longitudinal Design: o Studies the same individual over a period of time, usually several years or more- individual change over time not with cohorts Cross Sectional Research

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o Hybrid Research model- first several groups of people of different ages are studied (cross sectional) and then followed over the years (longitudinal) ex: follow 19 then 18 year olds over time as they turn 20 and 19 etc… Quantitative Vs. Qualitative Research o Quantitative:  Data can be expressed with numbers such as ranks or scales  Easily summarized, compared, charted but some nuances and individual distinctions are lost Qualitative:  Description of particular conditions and participants expressed ideas  Reflects cultural and contrxual diversity Descriptive vs Correlational: o Descriptive:  Aims to observe and record behavior o Correlational  Describes strength of the relationships between two or more events or characteristics using a correlation coefficient  Ranges from +1.00  Correlation vs Causation- Correlation can exist between two variables if one variable is more or less likely to occur when the other occurs (positive, negative, zero)  Indicates connection not cause o Experiment  Research method to determine cause and effect  Takes place under controlled conditions  Often statistics are used to analyze results (effect size, test of significance)  Limitation: Often “artificial” limited setting (ex: in laboratory) o Research Designs in Life span Development:  Ways to test hypothesis: Observation  Survey  Interview o Scientific Observation  Must be systematic and objective/controlled  In laboratory or in naturalistic setting (ex: home, school, park)  Observer tries to be unobtrusive  Does not indicate what causes people to do what they do o Survey/ Interview:  Standard sets of questions used to obtain people’s attitudes or beliefs about a particular topic collected via interviews, written questionnaire, etc

Quick and direct way to obtain data Can be influenced by response biases (social desirability) and demand characteristics o Case Study:  One individual studied  Sometimes used to “test ideas in process” raise hypothesis  Often is qualitative, subjective o Standardized Tests  Uniform procedure for administration and scoring  Provides information about interindividual differences o Physiological Measure:  Hormone levels and neuroimaging such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)  

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What is Theory and Why Bother with It? o Systematic statement of principles and generalizations o Guides our observations  What should I pay attention to?  Why?  How should I pay attention to it? o Iterative process  Study explanation study explanation  Hypothesis testing Grand theories of development:  Psychoanalytic  Cognitive  Behavioral  Ethological  Ecological o Psychoanalytic Theories  Stage theories- emphasizing the exclusively and distinctiveness of drives, needs, and conflicts during given life periods  Negotiation of tensions and conflicts affects movement to the next stage  Emphasis on unconscious heavily colored by emotions  Sigmund Freud- 5 stages o Piagets Cognitive Developmental Theory  Active Child: Knowledge constructed in response to experiences; intrinsically motivated to learn  Assimilation: New experiences reinterpreted to fit into old ideas  Accommodation: Old ideas restructured to include new experiences

o Lev Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Cognitive Theory  Important role of social interaction and culture, inventions of society apprenticeship in thinking Micro- school, brother, mom, dad, neighbors Exo- grandparents, cousins, teachers

9/3/13 - Ch: 3: Prenatal Development and Birth - From Zygote to Newborn: Most dramatic and extensive transformation of entire life - Three main periods of prenatal development o Germinal: first 2 weeks after conception; implantation o Embryonic period: 2-8 weeks after conception; organogenesis o Fetal period: 2 months after conception o Lasts approximately: 38-40 weeks or “9 months”  First trimester: months 1,2,3- nausea, etc  Second: months 4,5,6  Third: months 7,8,9 -

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Brain Development: o Approx. 100 billion neurons at birth o Normal pregnancy: neural tube closes creating:  Neurogenesis: Generation of new neurons  Neuronal migration: Cells move outward from point of origin to appropriate locations o Brain related birth defects (neural tube fails to close)  Anencephaly  Spina bifida Age of Viability: o Before 22 weeks: Low chance of survival o 23-26 weeks: Up to 2/3 (but 20% cerebral palsy, 40% some mental retardation) o By week 28: Up to 95% mostly normal later development  About three pounds  Brain wave patterns (sleep wake cycles) similar to those of newborns  Heart rate and body movement become reactive o Maturity is more crucial than birth weight From Viability to Full Term: o Each day of final three months improves odds of survival and of a healthy and happy baby o Maturation of neurological, respiratory, cardiovascular systems

Ex: Cortex forms fold, brain waves indicate responsiveness, lungs expand and contract, heart valves, arteries, and veins circulate blood o Mother child relationship intensifies:  Form a bond However it is dangerous.. o 31% of all zygotes grow and survive to become living newborn babies o Germinal Period  60% of all developing organisms fail to grow and implant properly; most are grossly abnormal o Embryonic Period:  20% of all embryos aborted spontaneously often because of chromosomal abnormalities o Fetal Period Teratogens- any agent that can cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral outcomes o Prescription and nonprescription drugs o Psychoactive drugs, alcohol o Incompatible blood types o Environmental hazards o Maternal disease o Parental factors Prenatal Influences: timing, dosage, genes Postnatal influences: early care, attachment, education Threshold effect; o Teratogen relatively harmless (or even beneficial) in small dosage but becomes harmful once exposure reaches certain level  Ex: Vitamin A Methods of childbirth In the US 99% of deliveries take place in hospitals o Natural vs. prepared- (cesarean delivery) waterbirth, massage, acupuncture, hypnosis, music therapy, etc Medications involved?- Analgesia (Demerol) Anesthesia (Epidural block) Oxytocin (Synthetic hormones to stimulate contractions) Transverse/ Breech- breech- comes out with head up and butt first, transverse- baby is horizontal Birth Stage: o Stage 1: Uterine contractions 15 to 20 minutes apart and last up to 1 minute o Stage 2: Baby’s head starts to move through cervix and birth canal; ends when baby completely emerges o Stage 3: Afterbirth- umbilical cord, placenta, and other membranes detached and expelled The Newborn’s First Minutes 

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o Between spontaneous cries, first breaths cause oxygen to circulate  Infants color changes from bluish to pinkish (hand and feet last) o Eyes open wide, fingers grab, toes stretch and retract o Often removal of mucus in throat o Cut umbilical cord to detach placenta o Placenta expelled o Newborn weighted, examined, wrapped Measuring Neonatal Health and Responsiveness: Apgar Scale o Heart rate, respiratory, muscle tone, body color, reflex irritability- all on a scale of 0,1,2 0 is the worst and 2 is the best Medical Interventions: o Today in the US: Newborn death rate is 1 in 200 o Almost always accompanied by extremely low birth weight or massive birth defects o Cesarean section o Microsurgery in case of serious organic abnormalities o Specialized feeding, warmth, extra oxygen One of most serious complications: Anoxia o Lack of oxygen that if prolonged for longer than few seconds during birth can cause brain damage or death to baby o Fetal heart monitored during birth process; Apgar newborns color check o Can result in cerebral palsy Low Birth Weight o Reasons: drug use, alcohol, maternal age, twins or triplets, malnutrition, problems with cord o Consequences- Language delays Kangaroo Care- mother spends at least an hour a day holding baby between breasts skin to skin o Especially suitable for LBW infant o Babies sleep more deeply and spent more time alert o By 6 months Postpartum Period: Lasts about six weeks or until mothers body completed adjustment and returned to nearly pre-pregnant state Physical Adjustments: Loss of sleep/ fatigue, hormone changes, involution; Uterus returns to pre pregnant size Percentage of US women who experience postpartum blues and depression, depression- 10% last for weeks or months, 20% no symptoms, 70% blueslasts 1 to 2 weeks What could be reasons for postpartum blues?- Hormonal imbalance, stress of new baby?- never get a good night sleep, sleeping problems

Ch 4: Body Size

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Average North American newborn is 20 inches long and 7.5 At birth, the brain is 25% of its adult weight and at 2 years of age it is 75% of its adult weight Why? o Much of the weight increase in early months is far o Insulation for warmth and store of nourishment Growth and Refinement in Neural Network o Transient exuberance Vast increase in number of dendrites in brain (at age 2 about 100 trillion synapses)  Enables neurons to become

Ch 5: Cognitive Development in Infancy - Affordances o Active perception (Gibson 1988)- Opportunity for perception or interaction offered by person, place, or object in environment o Sensory awareness - Piaget’s Cognitive Development Stages o Infants are smart and active learners, adapting to experience o Individuals go through four stages of development: Cognition is qualitatively different from one stage to another o Assimilation- Occurs when child uses existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences o Accommodation- Occurs when child adjusts schemes to take new information and experiences into account o Equilibration- Mechanisms by which children shift from one stage of thought to another - Sensorimotor Intelligence: o Infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences o Primary Circular Reaction: action and response both involve infant’s own body (1 to 4 months) o Secondary: action gets a response form another person or object leading to baby’s repeating original action (4 to 6 months) o Tertiary: action gets one pleasing result, leading to baby to perform similar actions to get similar results (12 to 18 months) o Classical conditioning- UCS-UCR to UCS with neutral response to CR, CS and CR o Skinner Operant Conditioning- Reward and Punishment - Object Permanence - Attention: Habituation “getting bored”, Dishabituation- example: noticing different color in similar objects 9/17/13

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The “Play Years” o Theories of Cognitive Development o Body Changes and Brain Development o Injuries and Abuse Preoperational thought o Children represent the world with words, images, and drawings o Children form stable concepts and begin to reason o Cognitions are dominated by egocentrism and magical beliefs, animism, irreversibility The Symbolic Function Substageo 2 to 4 years o Child gains the ability to mentally The Intuitive Thought Substage: o 4 to 7 years o Children use primitive reasoning and want to know the answers to questions- many How and Why questions o Have difficulty understanding events that cannot be seen o Children are unaware of how they know what they know Conservation: o Altering a substance’s appearance does not change its basic properties ex: beaker experiment o Centration: Centering attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others Vygotsky’s Theory: o Children think and understand primarily though social interaction o Zone of proximal development (ZPD): Range of tasks that are too difficult for the child alone but that can be learned with guidance o Scaffolding: Guided participation; changing level of support (apprenticeship in thinking) Children’s Theories: o Theory -theory: Children actively construct theories to explain their world  Reasons principles for things  Asking questions about their world o Theory of mind: Awareness of ones own mental process and the mental processes of others (“curse of knowledge”  By 3 years: Begin to understand Leaner and Taller: o Average growth is 2.5 inches and 5 to 7 pounds per year during early childhood o Growth patterns vary individually o Two most important contributors to height differences: ethnic origin and nutrition

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o Brain growth slows during early childhood Changes in Child’s Brain Structure Growth of corpus callosum Importance of peers and play for developing gross and fine motor skill Creativity

9/19/93 CH 8- Socioemotional Development In Early Childhood -

Becoming Boys and Girls o Identify as male or female important feature of child’s self concept, major source of self esteem o By age 2: Ability to use gender labels o By age 3: Rudimentary understanding that sex distinctions are lifelong o By age 4: Conviction that certain toys and behaviors/roles are appropriate for one gender but not the other o By age 8: Awareness that persons sex is biological characteristic, not determined by words, opinions, clothing (sex vs gender) Theories of Gender Difference - Psychoanalytic Theory Parenting Style - Can differ on at least four dimensions o Expressions of warmth o Strategies for discipline o Communication o Expectations for maturity - Always in interaction with child’s personality and social/cultural context o Authoritarian o Authoritative o Uninvolved o Permissive

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Size and Shape o Growth rate slows down- muscle mass and strength gradually increase, lung capacity expands o Gross and fine motor skills improve (smoother, more coordinated)  Boys outperform girls in large muscle activities and girls usually outperform boys on fine motor skills  Low body mass index (BMI) typically slim

o Overweight- genetic predisposition:  Allele of FTO gene (in addition to influence of 250 other genes) affect activity level, food preferences, body type, metabolic rate  Environment- Family diet (quality not quantity)  Overweight- BMI above 85th percentile  Obesity- BMI above 95th percentile  Older and poorer children show most worrisome gains o Active play  Benefits- healthier, motor skills, joy, cooperation  Flexible (time rules location), informal, interactive  Increasingly scarce, why?  PE- developmentall appropriate, cooperative  Clubs- belonging/ being part of something- some children feel left out, expensive, time investment o Brain Functioning  Reduction in reaction time- Time to respond to stimulus  Improved mental control process- Planning for future, consideration of possible consequences  Selective attention- Focus on some stimuli while ignoring others  Automatization- Sequence of thoughts, actions as sequence routine o Intelligence- Ability to solve problems and to adapt and learn from experiences  Binet Tests: designed to identify children with difficulty learning in school  Mental age: an individuals level of mental development relative to others  Intelligence quotient: a persons mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100  Stanford Binet Tests: revised version of the Binet test CH 11 -

US has one of the highest rates of drug use of industrialized nations Educational success reduces drug use G Stanley Hall proposed adolescence is turmoil and mood swings Exercising right keeps from certain diseases and mortality from certain illnesses Puberty is early adolscence, nutrition and health effect it Fewer more selective more effective neurons by pruning Sexuality incorporated in adolescence Non latino white boys exercise most Menarche 9-15 Amygdala seat of emotions

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Exercise positive outcomes: low diabetes, reduces triglyceride, lower substance abuse, regulation of weight Parietla subcortical frontal change the most in brain Less than 1% of girls developed anorexia nervosa Drug use, delinquency, school related problems linked to early sexual activity In some areas as many as 25% have contracted Chlamydia Activities, interests, styles of behavior are individuals sexual identity Latinas have had the smallest rate of decline in adolescent pregnancy Growth spurt in girls is two years earlier PART 2: Formal operational: fourth stage not include object identification Dual process model: decision making influenced by two cognitive systems More effective schools for adolescents is to lessen impersonal nature of middle schools High schools have low expectations, inadequacy, and passivity Top dog phenomenon- move from being highest in school to lowest Imaginary audience- belief they are on stage Personal fable- unique and individual Service learning- social responsibility to the community Extra curricular- high grades, decrease dropping out of school, Latinos twice as likely to drop out Unwise decisions when emotionally charged According to Kuhn, considerable variation in cognitive thinking Important development of critical thinking National Sleep Foundation considers less than 8 hours inadequate Carskadon study showed grogginess, low test scores, poor performance, inattention- 9 hours and 25 minutes if given the chance Less active on weekend Sixth grade elementary to seventh junior high- less satisfied, less committed, liked teachers less Culture and education exert stronger influences than Piaget maintained Cigarette smoking peaked in 1996 and has gradually declined Males engage in binge drinking more than females Executive functioning is an umbrella like concept Hypothetical deductive reasoning- coming up with a concept and testing it out

Ch 12 -

Securely attached had greater capacity for romantic relationships four years later Parents and teens have a balancing act with autonomy independence connection Identify with both ethnic majority and own ethnic group is bicultural identity Identity is religious, political, relationships, personality, sexual identity Enduring aspect of self includes sense of membership in ethnic group- ethnic identity

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Decisions made again and again in identity Higher depression in girls than boys- negative body image, ruminate on problems, societal discrimination Suicide third leading cause of death Youth into adolescence have less friends and more intense relationships Middle school years girls self esteem significantly lower Parent adolescent conflict declines in 17 to 20 years Clique- same age sex and 5 or 6 members ...