Technical Report on Brick masonry Structures PDF

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Technical Report No. Vol: 01/Bib/Civil/DrMGRU/2012 BIBLIOGRAPHY ON MASONRY STRUCTURES-TECHNICAL REPORT PROF. S.SAILEYSH SIVARAJA PROF.S.MOSES ARANGANATHAN & PROF.T.S.THANDAVAMOORTHY Reference for M.Tech (Struct) & PhD Scholars DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, Dr. M.G.R Educational and Resear...

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Technical Report No. Vol: 01/Bib/Civil/DrMGRU/2012

BIBLIOGRAPHY ON MASONRY STRUCTURES-TECHNICAL REPORT

PROF. S.SAILEYSH SIVARAJA

PROF.S.MOSES ARANGANATHAN & PROF.T.S.THANDAVAMOORTHY

Reference for M.Tech (Struct) & PhD Scholars

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, Dr. M.G.R Educational and Research Institute University, Maduravayal, Chennai-600 095, Tamil Nadu, India E Mail: [email protected] & [email protected]

May 2012

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ABSTRACT: Considering the slow development in the research relating to masonry structures and to give an impetus and accelerate this annotated bibliography has been prepared by reviewing the available literature. This bibliography presents various aspects of research on masonry structures.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER No.

1.0

TITLE.

INTRODUCTION

PAGE No.

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An exhaustive bibliography is of masonry structures namely bricks, mortars, cement, reinforced cement concrete, Fiber Reinforced Concrete, Polymer Concrete and construction, etc, has become a necessity to accelerate the research on this topics; Literature relating to these various aspects have been reviewed and compiled as a report here. The following topics have been dealt with herein:

(i)Structural Brickwork (ii) Materials Properties (iii) Testing (iv) Analysis and Design (v) Dynamic Loading and Responses (vi) Seismic Behaviour (vii) Case Studies (viii) Retrofitting. The chapters on ―Case studies‖ have been included to throw light on ―Applications‖ aspects. Finally the chapter on ―Retrofitting‖ highlights the use of different masonry system in Repair and Rehabilitation process. The objective of this bibliographic collection is to bring under one roof all information about various masonry systems and masonry components available in open literature. Such an exercise has been necessitated as no such documents is available as at present. It is hoped that this work would serve as a useful guide for future research in the area of masonry and all aspects relating thereto.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER No.

TITLE.

PAGE No.

2.0

STRUCTURAL BRICKWORK

04

3.0

MATERIALS PROPERTIES

07

4.0

TESTING

12

5.0

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

25

6.0

DYNAMIC LOADING AND RESPONSES

37

7.0

SEISMIC BEHAVIOUR

46

8.0

CASE STUDIES

72

9.0

RETROFITTING

81

10.0

SUMMARY

105

11.0

REFERENCES

105

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2.0 STRUCTURAL BRICKWORK 2.1) Thomas, K., ‖Structural Brickwork-Materials and Performance‖, The Structural Engineer, 1971, Vol.49, No.10, pp.441-450. Calculated load bearing brickwork is discussed and the basic requirements are specified materials and their effects on strength and performance are considered and recommendations made. The mechanism of brickwork failure under vertical and lateral loading is covered and the results of current research in this field are included. Factors affecting strength are discussed and information is provided on composite action with concrete beams, also quality control. 2.2) Alani, A.F., EL-Katib,M.T., Ovanessian, R.A and Korkees, I.N., ―Structural Elevation of Load Bearing Brick Cavity Walls with Brick Ties‖, Journal of Structural Engineering, 1989, Vol.16, No.3., pp.85-93. This research work forms a part of a project to investigate the structural behaviour of load bearing double wythes cavity walls built using local material and workmanship. This investigation was made using a full scale one storey height walls with brick units acting as connectors across a 50 mm cavity. The walls were subjected to both concentric and eccentric vertical loads up to failure. The eccentricity to thickness ratios ranged from 0.0 to 0.30. Twelve specimens were tested. They were divided in to three groups depending up on the type of mortar, cement: sand (1:3), Cement: lime: sand (1:1:6), and gypsum mortar (locally known as Juss mortar).Based on experimental results an empirical equation is produced to calculate the ultimate strength of storey height brick cavity walls. The theoretical results compared quite well with the test results. Comparison of results with various international design codes showed good agreement with CP111-Part 2 while both the Canadian and UBC codes show diverge results. 2.3) Toranzo, L.A., Carr, A.J and Restrepo, J.I., ‖Improvement of Traditional Masonry Wall Construction for Use in Low Rise or Low Wall Density Building in Seismically Prone Regions‖, Proceeding of NZSEE Conference, 2001, pp.1/1-5/5. The current trend of designing structures to meet performance based demands could severely limit the use of some traditional construction materials and systems. Masonry construction used in conjunction with reinforced frames, as used extensively in Latin America is among those affected. This limitation is due to the poor performance of conventional masonry system is earthquakes. This paper discusses the option of using reinforced concrete frames in-filled with masonry, acting together as a series of rocking walls providing a desired performance level. Such system may be used in buildings with a low density of elements where the demand expected in conventionally built masonry walls might result in structural damage in moderate earthquake. Rocking walls can be designed to rock while ensuring no damage will occur anywhere else in the structures. During the rocking process the system has a much lower equivalent stiffness than before rocking in triggered. Most often this means that the inertial forces are reduced as the response is shifted in to a less demanding region of the acceleration spectra. The softening of the system also lets other flexible elements participate in the response. Triggering of the rocking may be

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set for levels of excitation greater than frequent earthquakes for which the element can be designed to behave as a fixed base wall. Rocking also allows the use of hysteretic energy dissipaters at the base of the wall. It was found that these energy dissipaters could add up to 20% of equivalent viscous damping to the system. 2.4) Sarangapani, G., Venkatarama Reddy, B.V and Jagadish, K.S., ―Structural Characteristics of Bricks, Mortars and Masonry‖, Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol.29, No.2, 2002, pp.101-109. Burnt clay bricks are widely used load bearing masonry in India. There is wide variation in the characteristics of commonly used bricks from different geographical locations of the country. For example the compressive strength vary between 2 and 24 Mpa. This paper deals with the characteristics of properties of local low modulus bricks, mortars and masonry using these materials. Bricks procured from Bangalore were tested for obtaining the properties such as compressive strength, flexure strength, water absorption, Initial Rate of Absorption (IRA), porosity and pore size and stress-strain relationships. Characteristics of two cement mortars (1:4 and 1:6) and three composite mortars (cement soil and cement lime mortars) were examined for their strength and elastic properties. Stress-strain characteristics of masonry using these bricks and mortars were determined. A simple analysis was carried out to understand the nature of stresses developed in the mortar joint and brick in the masonry. The results reveal that the bricks around Bangalore have rather low module compared to cement mortar. The brick modulus is in the range of about 5 to 10 % of the modulus of 1:6 cement mortar.This kind of situation leads to a masonry were mortar joints develop lateral tension while brick develops lateral compression (triaxial) and this is an unfavorable situation due to the brittle nature of mortar. 2.5) Punmia, B.C., Asok Kumar Jain and Arun Kumar Jain, ‖A Text Book of Building Construction‖, Lakmi Publications (P) Limited, New Delhi, India, 2006. Man requires different types of buildings for his activities: houses, bungalows and flats for living; hospitals and health centers for his health; school colleges and universities for his education; banks, shops, offices, buildings and factories for doing work; railway buildings, bus stations and air terminals for transportation; clubs, theatres and cinema houses for re-creation and temples, mosques, churches, darmashalas etc, for worship. Each type of the above buildings has its own requirements. The above building activities are an important indicator of the country‘s social progress. 2.6) Ana Radivojević and Nadja Kurtović-Folić, ―Evolution Of Bricks And Brick Masonry In The Early History Of Its Use In The Region Of Today‘s Serbia‖, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2006, Vol. 18, No. 5, October 1, pp692–699 Brick was proved to be one of the main building materials in the region of today‘s Serbia, especially in the time of late antiquity and in the following medieval time. Hence, the idea was born to make a comparison between the main characteristics of late antique and medieval bricks and brickworks from this region that could confirm the continuity and variety of its use. A question of evolution of the use of bricks was partly based on comparison of their estimated properties and also on comparison of applied building techniques and known characteristics of brick production. It has been

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confirmed that although it is possible to discuss and confirm the continuity in the use of bricks and adequate building techniques, up-to-date research based on quantitative analysis of historical bricks do not offer enough comparable data regarding their quality. There-fore a new field of possible qualitative research is needed in the future. 2.7) Manjunath.S, Renuka Devi. M and K.S.Jagadish, ―Strength Of Hollow Block Masonry Walls‖, 2009-10, Research Centre : R.V.College of Engineering, India.

Masonry has been used as a basic construction material for public and residential buildings in the past several thousand years; from the tower of Babylon ,to the great wall of china, which is the only man made structure visible from the moon. A number of well preserved old masonry building still exist, proving that masonry can successfully resist loads and environmental impacts, therefore providing shelter for people and their goods for a long period of time, if adequately conceived and constructed. Although some specific features have been invented during the course of time to improve the seismic behavior of masonry buildings , such as connecting stones, strengthening of the corners and wall intersection zones, as well as tying of the walls even today, masonry construction represents the most vulnerable part of existing building. This is not only in the case of developing or underdeveloped countries but it is also in the case of some of the developed countries of Europe and the USA.

2.8) Maria P. Durante Ingunza, Anaxsandra C. L. Duarte and Rubens M. Nascimento, ―Use Of Sewage Sludge As Raw Material In The Manufacture Of Soft-Mud Bricks‖, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2011, Vol. 23, No. 6, June-1, pp852–856 This article assesses the use of sewage sludge as a raw material in the ceramic industry, specifically in the manufacture of soft-mud bricks, to determine the maximum incorporation of sludge that results in technically sound and environmentally friendly bricks. The results obtained confirm that there was no alteration in the odor of the bricks, even at high proportions of sludge; however, high concentrations of sludge had a negative influence on certain properties, such as mechanical strength and absorption. Compressive strength was significantly diminished with the addition of sludge: the bricks with 5% sludge lost an average of 45% of the strength obtained by the control brick; the bricks manufactured with 15 and 20% lost around 70% of maximum strength; however, they still met minimum strength standards. For the specified conditions of this study, it was concluded that 20% was the maximum proportion of sludge that could be incorporated into a ceramic mass and still meet technical and environmental requirements. 2.9) Jianhai Liang and Ali M. Memari, M.ASCE, ―Introduction Of A Panelized Brick Veneer Wall System And Its Building Science Evaluation‖, Journal of Architectural Engineering, 2011, Vol. 17, No. 1, March 1, pp1–14 This paper introduces a panelized brick veneer over steel stud backup wall system to address some of the shortcomings of conventional systems. Thermal and hydrothermal analyses of the proposed wall system with different stud gauges and arrangements are discussed. The movement joint design aspects, a pressure moderation performance evaluation, the simulated wind-driven water penetration results, and an example cost analysis are also presented. This study provides information about some of the attributes of the proposed system such as crack

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resistance and water penetration potential as well as the pressure moderation aspect. Some of the issues that need consideration for the practical application of the system are also described.

3.0 MATERIAL PROPERTIES: 3.1) Krishna Naraine and Sachchidanand Sinha, ―Loading And Unloading StressStrain Curves For Brick Masonry‖, Journal of Structural Engineering, 1989, Vol. 115, No. 10, pp2631-2644 Reloading and unloading stress-strain curves of brick masonry tested under uniaxial cyclic compressive loadings perpendicular and parallel to the bed joint are discussed. A simple mathematical model is proposed to predict these curves at different values of plastic strain. An exponential relationship involving the axial stress, the axial strain, and the plastic (residual) strain is found to be appropriate to represent the reloading and unloading curves. It is shown that the reloading curves can be mathematically represented by a family of parabolas and the unloading curves can be similarly represented by a family of straight lines. The equations of a parent parabola and a parent straight line are used to generate the family of parabolas and the family of straight lines respectively. The families of parabolas and straight lines can then be used to compute the reloading and unloading curves respectively. Comparisons of the model predictions with the experimental reloading and unloading curves show very good agreement. 3.2) Deodhar, S.V and Patel, A.N., ‖Behaviour of Brick Masonry in Compression‖, Journal of Structural Engineering, 1996, Vol.22, No.4, pp.221-224. Brick masonry has been used from time immemorial for construction of low- rise residential buildings and columns etc., to resist compressive loads. The strength of masonry depends on the strength of brick, mortar and adhesion between the two, joint thickness and various other factors. Thus for the same type of brick, using same proportion of cement and sand, the strength obtained may differ to due to variation in quantity of water, difference in workshop, arrangement of bricks and many other reasons. Under the compressive load, mortar deforms laterally and squeezes out causing cracks at joints. Some additives in mortar increase the adhesion at the brick faces, increasing the strength. However clay content in sand decreases the adhesion, and consequently the strength of masonry. The other factor that affects the strength is joint thickness. The adhesion between brick and mortar depends upon the effective. Transfer to matrix between these two materials, which in turn depends upon appropriate thickness of mortar joint used for bonding the bricks. The size of brick is also one of the important factors that may affect the strength of brick masonry. The brick that was commonly used in early 1960's was quite thin (25 to30mm) whereas present practice is to use thicker bricks. Large brick size reduces number of mortar joints which are the weak parts in masonry. Minimization of mortar joins is likely to increase the strength and makes masonry more economical and reduces the overall cost of construction. Frog plays an important role in bonding the brick work. Shape and size of frog may affect the strength of brick masonry to certain extent. It is presumed that rendering over masonry is incorporated to prevent the effect of atmospheric agencies on brick masonry. However if masonry is raked at

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the joints and rendering is provided, there is every possibility of increasing the load carrying capacity of brick masonry. With all these parameters in mind an experimental programme was undertaken to study the effect of these parameter on crushing strength of masonry and conclusions are reported. 3.3) Deodhar, S.V and Patel, A.N., ‖Strength Relationship of Brick Masonry Brick and Cement Mortar‖, Journal of Structural Engineering, 1997, Vol.23, No.4, pp.215218. Brick and brick masonry have been used extensively in building construction for many centuries and continues to dominate as the commonly used construction material either as a load bearing or as a filler wall. It is further well established that if good quality bricks having crushing strength more than 10.50 N/mm2 are bonded in 1:3 cement-sand mortar for ground and first floor and in 1:6 cement mortar for third and fourth floor, a four storied building can be constructed with 225 mm thick brick wall, using conventional brick. 3.4) Jagadish, K.S., ―Basic Structural Properties of Masonry‖, Proceeding of the Workshop on Recent Advances in Masonry Construction, Rookie, India., 1998., pp.41-52. Use of brick masonry has been known, especially in India, for nearly 5000 years. Even in other countries brick masonry has been in use for more than thousand years. However, the earliest recent material like concrete has received far greater attention by the Civil Engineer. For instance, research papers on concrete are found as early as in 1907. However, the earliest report on brick masonry was produced in 1918. The paucity literature in the Indian context is also striking, in spite of the fact that a few sporadic attempts were made to study brick masonry since the mid sixties. The problem of brick masonry in India is compounded by the fact that bricks and mortars vary widely in character in different regions. The situation is very different from that of concrete. 3.5) Milad m. Alshebani and s. N. Sinha, ―Stress-Strain Characteristics Of Brick Masonry Under Uniaxial Cyclic Loading‖, Journal of structural engineering, 1999, vol.125, no.6, pp600-604 A series of laboratory tests were carried out on half-scale sand plast brickwork panels subjected to uniaxial cycle loading. Forty-two square panels were tested under cycle loading until failure for two cases of loading: (1) Normal to the bed joint; and (2) parallel to the bed joint. Failure due to cyclic compressions was usually characterized by a simultaneous failure of brick units and head joints or by splitting in the bed joints depending on whether the panel was loaded normal or parallel to the bed joint, respectively. The characteristics of the stress-strain relationship of the two loading conditions are presented in this paper. Envelope, common point, and stability point stress-strain curves were established based on test data, and an exponential formula was found to provide a reasonable fit to the test data. It was concluded that the peak stress of the stability point curve can be regarded as the maximum permissible stress level that is found to be approximately equal to two thirds of the failure stress. It was also observed that the permissible stress level depends on the plastic strain level present in the material due to cyclic loading.

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3.6) F. M. Khalaf and a. S. Devenny, ―New Tests For Porosity And Water Absorption Of Fired Clay Bricks‖, Journal Of Materials In Civil Engineering, 2002, Vol. 14, no. 4, august 1, pp334-337 The porosity of bricks, and their permeability and absorption are very important factors in influencing properties of bricks s...