Test 2 20 October 2018, questions and answers PDF

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Chapter 7 – Basic Consciousness Concepts 1. The school of thought in psychology that turned away from the study of consciousness during the first half of the last century was A) behaviorism. B)

psychoanalysis.

C)

humanistic psychology.

D) evolutionary psychology.

2. Since 1960, psychology has regained an interest in consciousness as psychologists of all persuasions began affirming the importance of A) evolutionary psychology. B)

choice blindness.

C)

neuroscience.

D) cognition.

3. Consciousness is defined as A) the ability to solve problems, reason, and remember. B)

the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information.

C)

effortless processing of incidental information into memory.

D) our awareness of ourselves and our environment.

4. Attention to her long-term educational goals enables Alicia to avoid thoughtlessly overindulging her immediate pleasure-seeking impulses. This best illustrates the adaptive value of A) change blindness. B)

consciousness.

C)

the cocktail party effect.

D) the popout phenomenon.

5. The interdisciplinary study of the linkages between brain activity and mental processes is known as A) evolutionary psychology. B)

neurology.

C)

behaviorism.

D) cognitive neuroscience.

6. Which specialty area would be most interested in identifying the brain-wave patterns associated with a person's conscious recognition of familiar faces or voices? A) evolutionary psychology B)

cognitive neuroscience

C)

behavior genetics

D) behaviorism

7. Some neuroscientists believe that conscious experience arises from A) parallel processing. B)

inattentional blindness.

C)

the popout phenomenon.

D) synchronized activity across the brain.

8. We know more than we know thanks to our capacity for A) sequential processing. B)

consciousness.

C)

change blindness.

D) dual processing.

9. The simultaneous processing of information at both conscious and unconscious levels is called A) the cocktail party effect. B)

the popout phenomenon.

C)

dual processing.

D) selective attention.

10. June's correct solution of a novel arithmetic problem was simultaneously facilitated by unconscious inferences and the conscious application of mathematical principles. This best illustrates the value of A) the popout phenomenon. B)

a biopsychological approach.

C)

dual processing.

D) behaviorism.

11. Although we may be unaware of our gender prejudices, they often influence the way we consciously perceive men and women. This best illustrates A) blindsight. B)

dual processing.

C)

the popout phenomenon.

D) the cocktail party effect.

12. Although many experienced drivers cannot accurately explain how they do it, most know how to turn successfully from a left to a right lane of traffic. This best illustrates the value of A) sequential processing. B)

blindsight.

C)

choice blindness.

D) unconscious processing.

13. A condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it is known as A) the cocktail party effect. B)

change blindness.

C)

choice blindness.

D) blindsight.

14. Although unable to report the width of a block in front of her, a woman identified as D. F. could grasp the block with just the right finger-thumb distance. Her experience best illustrates A) blindsight. B)

the cocktail party effect.

C)

selective attention.

D) the popout phenomenon.

15. A visual perception track enables most people to recognize objects at nearly the same time that a visual action track enables them to avoid bumping into the objects. This best illustrates A) sequential processing. B)

change blindness.

C)

dual processing.

D) blindsight.

16. Adding two large numbers together by consciously focusing on and solving each subcomponent of the task in serial order best illustrates A) the popout phenomenon. B)

the two-track mind.

C)

sequential processing.

D) choice blindness.

17. Consciousness is to unconsciousness as ________ is to ________. A) selective attention; the cocktail party effect B)

sequential processing; parallel processing

C)

behaviorism; cognitive neuroscience

D) change blindness; choice blindness

18. Compared with unconscious information processing, conscious information processing is relatively A) fast and especially effective for solving new problems. B)

slow and especially effective for solving new problems.

C)

fast and especially effective for solving routine problems.

D) slow and especially effective for solving routine problems.

19. Even if musically inclined, it is difficult to tap a steady three times with your left hand while tapping four times with your right hand because both tasks require A) dual processing. B)

change deafness.

C)

change blindness.

D) conscious attention.

20. The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously is called A) the cocktail party effect. B)

the popout phenomenon.

C)

parallel processing.

D) blindsight

21. Compared with parallel processing, sequential processing tends to be ________ conscious and better for solving ________ problems. A) less; novel B)

more; familiar

C)

less; familiar

D) more; novel

22. A capacity to monitor simultaneously the color, shape, and motion of a flying kite best illustrates A) the popout phenomenon. B)

parallel processing.

C)

the cocktail party effect.

D) change blindness.

23. Focusing conscious awareness on a particular stimulus is called A) blindsight. B)

parallel processing.

C)

change blindness.

D) selective attention.

24. Our inability to consciously process all the sensory information available to us at any single point in time best illustrates the need for A) blindsight. B)

selective attention.

C)

choice blindness.

D) the popout phenomenon.

25. While engrossed in reading a novel, Raoul isn't easily distracted by the sounds of the TV or even by his brothers' loud arguments. This best illustrates A) inattentional blindness. B)

sequential processing.

C)

blindsight.

D) selective attention.

26. The cocktail party effect provides an example of A) change blindness. B)

dual processing.

C)

selective attention.

D) blindsight.

27. A bank teller was so distracted by the sight of a bank robber's weapon that she failed to perceive important features of the criminal's physical appearance. This best illustrates the impact of A) parallel processing. B)

change blindness.

C)

selective attention.

D) blindsight.

28. Corolina was not aware of what her mother was telling her while she was focused on a phone voice message from a friend. Her experience best illustrates A) dual processing. B)

the cocktail party effect.

C)

the popout phenomenon.

D) blindsight.

29. The increased risk of car accidents for drivers talking on a cell phone are A) primarily due to the visual distraction of glancing at one's cell phone. B)

no greater than the risk for drivers chatting with other passengers.

C)

no greater than the risks for drivers listening to a car radio.

D) equal for those using handheld and those using hands-free phones.

30. Crashes and near-crashes have been observed to ________ when teen drivers are reaching for a cell phone and to ________ when they are dialing a cell phone. A) neither increase nor decrease; neither increase nor decrease B)

neither increase nor decrease; increase

C)

increase; neither increase nor decrease

D) increase; increase

31. Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere is called A) blindsight. B)

parallel processing.

C)

the cocktail party effect.

D) inattentional blindness.

32. If asked to watch a video and press a key each time a black-shirted player passed a basketball, most research participants remained unaware of an umbrella-toting woman strolling across the video screen. This illustrated A) the cocktail party effect. B)

inattentional blindness.

C)

blindsight.

D) dual processing.

33. One study simultaneously delivered a recording of men talking in participants' one ear and a recording of women talking in participants' other ear. When participants were assigned to pay attention to the women, 70 percent failed to hear one of the men repeatedly say “I'm a gorilla.” This failure best illustrated A) dual-processing. B)

inattentional deafness.

C)

the popout phenomenon.

D) blindsight.

34. While a man provided directions to a construction worker, two experimenters rudely interrupted by passing between them carrying a door. The man's failure to notice that the construction worker was replaced by a different person during this interruption illustrates A) the popout phenomenon. B)

blindsight

C)

parallel processing.

D) change blindness.

35. Research participants picked one of two photos of female faces as more attractive. When researchers cleverly switched the photos, participants readily explained why they preferred the face they had actually rejected. Their behavior illustrated A) the cocktail party effect. B)

choice blindness.

C)

the popout phenomenon.

D) blindsight.

36. Christy failed to notice that she received her ice cream in a sugar cone rather than a waffle cone as she had requested. She later indicated to another customer that she preferred sugar cones over waffle cones. Christy's behavior most clearly illustrates A) blindsight B)

the cocktail party effect.

C)

choice blindness.

D) the popout phenomenon.

37. In two phone interview experiments, most participants failed to notice that the female interviewer to whom they were responding changed after the third question of the interview. This best illustrated A) the cocktail party effect. B)

the popout phenomenon.

C)

change blindness.

D) blindsight.

38. The popout phenomenon illustrates that some stimuli almost inevitably trigger A) blindsight. B)

change blindness.

C)

selective attention.

D) choice blindness.

Chapter 8 – Sleep and Dreams 1. A periodic, natural loss of consciousness that involves distinct stages is known as A) the circadian rhythm. B)

narcolepsy.

C)

an hallucination.

D) sleep. 2. Research on sleep and dreaming confirms that A) sleepwalkers are acting out their dreams. B)

while some people dream every night, others seldom dream.

C)

the brain's auditory cortex responds to sound stimuli even during sleep.

D) older adults sleep more than young adults. 3. When working an occasional night shift, people often feel groggiest in the middle of the night but experience new energy around the time they normally would wake up. This best illustrates the impact of A) sleep apnea. B)

memory consolidation.

C)

the circadian rhythm.

D) REM rebound. 4. Circadian rhythm refers to A) the pattern of emotional ups and downs we routinely experience. B)

a pattern of biological functioning that occurs on a roughly 24-hour cycle.

C)

the experience of sleep apnea following a lengthy transoceanic plane flight.

D) the cycle of four distinct stages that we experience during a normal night's sleep. 5. With the approach of night, our body temperature begins to drop. This best illustrates the dynamics of the A) hypnagogic state. B)

circadian rhythm.

C)

alpha wave pattern.

D) REM rebound.

6. Alexis most enjoys talking and socializing with friends late in the evening. Her mother, however, is most energized for social interactions about an hour after breakfast. This difference between Alexis and her mother is best explained by the fact that age and experience tend to alter our A) REM rebound. B)

NREM-2 sleep.

C)

hypnagogic sensations.

D) circadian rhythm.

7. Most college students are “owls,” with performance ________ across the day. Most older adults are “larks,” with performance ________ as the day progresses. A) improving; declining B)

declining; improving

C)

declining; staying the same

D) staying the same; declining

8. Compared with evening-loving “night owls,” those who are morning types tend to perform ________ in school and tend to be ________ vulnerable to depression. A) worse; more B)

better; less

C)

worse; less

D) better; more

9. Fast and jerky movements of the eyes are especially likely to be associated with A) sleep spindles. B)

narcolepsy.

C)

REM sleep.

D) sleep apnea.

10. The relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state are called A) beta waves. B)

sleep spindles.

C)

alpha waves.

D) delta waves.

11. Jordanna has decided to go to bed early. Although her eyes are closed and she's very relaxed, she has not yet fallen asleep. An EEG is most likely to indicate the presence of A) delta waves. B)

alpha waves.

C)

sleep spindles.

D) rapid eye movements.

12. Sensory experiences that occur without an external sensory stimulus are called A) night terrors. B)

REMs.

C)

sleep spindles.

D) hallucinations.

13. Fantastic images resembling hallucinations occur with the onset of A) narcolepsy. B)

driver fatigue.

C)

cyberloafing.

D) NREM-1 sleep.

14. Hypnagogic sensations are most closely associated with ________ sleep. A) NREM-1 B)

NREM-2

C)

NREM-3

D) REM

15. A minute or two after falling asleep, Luke felt like he was being tossed up and down as if on a boat in rough seas. His experience best illustrates A) the circadian rhythm. B)

hypnagogic sensations.

C)

sleep spindles.

D) narcolepsy.

16. The rhythmic bursts of brain activity that occur during NREM-2 sleep are called A) alpha waves.

B)

circadian rhythms.

C)

sleep spindles.

D) delta waves.

17. An hour after going to bed, Mike was so soundly asleep his parents were unable to awaken him for a scheduled dose of medicine. At this point in Mike's sleep, an EEG would have most likely detected A) alpha waves. B)

beta waves.

C)

delta waves.

D) REM rebound.

18. Delta waves are most clearly associated with ________ sleep. A) NREM-1 B)

NREM-2

C)

NREM-3

D) REM

19. Bed-wetting is most likely to occur at the end of ________ sleep. A) NREM-1 B)

NREM-2

C)

NREM-3

D) REM

20. During the course of a full night's sleep, young adults are most likely to spend more time in A) NREM-3 sleep than in NREM-2 sleep. B)

REM sleep than in NREM-1 sleep.

C)

NREM-1 sleep than in NREM-3 sleep.

D) REM sleep than in NREM-2 sleep.

21. Compared with young adults, older adults are especially likely to A) spend less time in deep sleep. B)

spend less time in NREM-1 sleep.

C)

spend more time in paradoxical sleep.

D) complete the sleep cycle more slowly.

22. At 3 o'clock in the morning, John has already slept for 4 hours. As long as his sleep continues, we can expect an increasing occurrence of A) hypnagogic sensations. B)

muscle tension.

C)

REM sleep.

D) NREM-3 sleep.

23. The brain waves associated with REM sleep are most similar to those of A) NREM-1 sleep. B)

NREM-2 sleep.

C)

NREM-3 sleep.

D) an awake but relaxed state.

24. Three hours after going to sleep, Shoshanna's heart rate increases, her breathing becomes more rapid, and her eyes move rapidly under her closed lids. Research suggests that Shoshanna is A) dreaming. B)

emitting delta waves.

C)

about to sleepwalk.

D) experiencing a night terror.

25. Genital arousal is most likely to be associated with A) sleep apnea. B)

REM sleep.

C)

NREM-3 sleep.

D) sleep spindles.

26. During REM sleep, your skeletal muscles are relaxed because messages from the motor cortex are blocked by the A) brainstem. B)

hypothalamus.

C)

suprachiasmatic nucleus.

D) amygdala.

27. The occasional experience of sleep paralysis is most likely as you awaken from A) NREM-1 sleep. B)

NREM-2 sleep.

C)

NREM-3 sleep.

D) REM sleep.

28. REM sleep is called paradoxical sleep because A) our heart rate is slow and steady, while our breathing is highly irregular. B)

we are deeply asleep but can be awakened easily.

C)

our nervous system is highly active, while our voluntary muscles hardly move.

D) it leads to highly imaginative dreams that are perceived as colorless images.

29. After sleeping for about an hour and a half, José enters a phase of paradoxical sleep. He is likely to A) be easily awakened. B)

have slower, more regular breathing.

C)

emit slower brain waves.

D) have very relaxed muscles.

30. For younger adults, the human sleep cycle repeats itself about every A) 30 minutes. B)

90 minutes.

C)

2 1/2 hours.

D) 4 hours.

31. Forty-year-old Lance insists that he never dreams. Research suggests that he probably A) would report a vivid dream if he were awakened during REM sleep. B)

dreams during NREM-1 rather than during RE...