Test 3 review - Summary Dimensions of Human Behavior: the Changing Life Course PDF

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Summary

This is the final exam study guide for that semester. Includes definitions, phrases, and a clear outline of the material. ...

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Test #3 Study Guide Social work Core Values: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Service Social Justice Dignity and Worth of the person Importance of human relationships Integrity Competence

Basic concepts of the life course perspective: -

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Cohorts: a group of persons who were born during the same time period and who experience particular social changes within a given culture in the same sequence and at the same age (ex: baby boomers) Transitions: changes in roles and statuses that represent a distinct departure from prior roles and statuses (ex: marriage, graduation, divorce, death Trajectories: involve a longer view of long-term patterns of stability and change in a person’s life, involving multiple transitions. (ex: marriage may involve children, separation, divorce, death, financial instability) Live events: a significant occurrence involving a rather abrupt change that may produce serious and long-lasting effects (ex: wedding) Turning points: a time when major change occurs in the life course trajectory. May involve a transformation in how the person views the self in relation to the world (ex: joining the military)

Themes of the Life course perspective: o Timing of lives: roles and behaviors are associated with particular age groups (ex: terrible twos, rebellious teens) o Linked or interdependent lives: ways people are connected on several levels o Human agency:  Personal agency: personal influence to shape environmental events or own behavior  Proxy agency: influence others with greater resources to act on one’s behalf to meet needs  Collective agency: people act together to meet needs o Resilience: power of humans to use protective factors to assist in a self-righting process over the life course (bounce back) Dimensions of Human behavior: -

Personal dimension: biological, psychological, spiritual person Environmental dimension: physical environment, psychosocial, culture, social structure, and institutions, families, communities

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Time dimension: clock time, event time, linear time (past, present, future)

Theoretical Perspectives: -

Systems perspective: focuses on the idea of interrelated parts making up an ordered whole and how those parts impact one another (ex: a family system) o Systems maintain boundaries to give them their identities Microsystem: immediate family; close interactions Mesosystem: organizations, agencies; neighbors, work, church Macrosystem: broader influences of culture, subculture, social structure

o Theories: structural functionalism, ecological theory, chaos theory o Ecomap:

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Conflict perspective: power is unequally divided and some social groups dominate others (ex: racism, sexism o Social order and social change Rational Choice perspective: people are rational and goal directed o Maximize rewards and minimize costs o Social exchange: behavior based on the desire to maximize benefits and minimize costs o Social network theory: relationship among network members (ex: the connectors in ecomap) Social constructionist perspective: focus on how people learn and construct their reality through their social interactions (ex: social identity) o Social interaction is grounded in language, customs, culture Psychodynamic perspective: deals with the operations of the mind; how internal processes like needs, drives, emotions motivate human behavior Topographical theory of the mind: o Unconscious: thoughts you are unaware of that influence behavior o Conscious: mental activity that we are fully aware of o Preconscious: thoughts and feelings easily brought to mind Early childhood experiences are central in the patterning of individuals’ emotions and central to problems throughout life Model of the mind:  Id: unconscious; strives for satisfaction of basic instincts  Pleasure principle: mental activity governed by “seek pleasure and avoid pain”  Superego: conscious and ideals  morals, inner supervisor  Ego: formed though socialization  Mediates between id and superego Ego defense mechanisms: o Denial o Displacement: shifting feelings from one person or situation to another that is less threatening o Intellectualization: reduce anxiety by thinking about things in a clinical way o Projection: taking our own unacceptable qualities and ascribing them to others o Rationalization: explaining unacceptable bx in a rational manner; avoiding the real reason o Reaction formation: replacing an unwanted unconscious impulse w/ its opposite in conscious behavior o Regression: behaviors associated w/ earlier developmental stage o Repression: keep info out of conscious awareness o Somatization: making intolerable impulses into physical symptoms

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Development perspective: human development occurs in clearly defined stages, in which each stage builds on earlier stages o moving from one stag to the next involves new tasks and changes in statuses and roles o concrete operational stage: begin to think logically o formal operational stage: development of abstract thinking Social behavioral perspective: human behavior is learned when individuals interact with the environment o All behavior can be defined and changed o Classical conditioning: conditioned stimulus paired w/ an unconditional stimulus produces an unconditional response (ex: salivation (bell, meat powder, salivation) o Operant conditioning:  Positive reinforcement: (rewarding)  Negative reinforcement: strengthen behavior by removing something unpleasant  Positive punishment: presenting something aversive (chores) to decrease behavior  Negative punishment: removal of something pleasant  Operant extinction: occurs when behaviors are maintained through reinforcement Humanistic perspective: each person is unique and valuable o people always have the capacity to change o human behavior is driven by a desire for growth, personal meaning, and competence, a need to experience a bond w/ others o Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory:

Self-actualization: to be fully what one can be, creativity Esteem Needs: self-respect, mastery Belonging and Love Needs: love, affection, intimacy Safety Needs: security, avoid pain Physiological Needs: hunger, thirst, sex

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Strengths based approach: focuses on the strengths on the client, but not on the problem or sickness o Language is power. “empowerment”, “resilience”, “membership” o Don’t deny problems, but focus on strengths

Strengths

Focus on strengths

Creates roster of resources for client

Bio-Psycho-Social-Spiritual Model o o o

Biological self Internal environment: the body and its health External environment: physical environment 6 interior environment systems: o Nervous System: o Central nervous system: brain and spinal cord o Peripheral nervous system: spinal and crania nerves o Autonomic nervous system: nerves that control cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems o Endocrine System: role in growth, metabolism, development, learning and memory o Endocrine glands include thyroid, pancreas, adrenal, ovaries, testes

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o Immune System: organs and cells that work together to defend the body against disease o Cardiovascular System: heart; 1/5 Americans have cardiovascular disease o Musculoskeletal System: supports and protects the body and provides motion o Reproductive System: internal and external reproductive systems; 75% of HS seniors report having intercourse Brain Regions and functions o Frontal lobe: motor behavior, expressive language, social functioning, reasoning o Temporal lobe: language, memory, emotions o Parietal lobe: intellectual, integration of sensory info o Occipital lobe: vision Psychological Self Cognitions: thoughts. Thinking processes. Emotions: Affect. A feeling state characterized by our appraisal of a stimulus, by changes in bodily sensations Cognitive errors: o Absolute thinking: experiences are all good or bad; failing to understand that experiences can be a mixture of both o Overgeneralization: deficiencies in one area of life necessarily apply deficiencies in other areas o Selective abstraction: focusing only on the negative aspects of a situation, overlooking any positive aspects o Arbitrary inference: reaching a negative conclusion about a situation with insufficient evidence o Magnification: creating large problems out of small ones o Minimization: making large problems small, not dealing adequately with them o Personalization: accepting blame for negative event without sufficient evidence Desensitization: confronting a difficult challenge through a step-by-step process of approach and anxiety Shaping: differentially reinforcing approximations of a desired but difficult behavior so as to help the person eventually master the behavior Behavioral rehearsal: role-playing a desired behavior after seeing it modeled appropriately and then applying the skill to a real-like situation Extinction: eliminating a behavior by reinforcing alternative behaviors Psychosocial Self Relationships: understanding how our relationships with others influence human behavior Environment: the connections between the individual and the social environment Stress: how the psychological person manages challenges to social functioning (any event in which environmental or internal demands tax the adaptive resources of an individual) Coping: how the ability to form, sustain, and use significant relationships with other people is key to successful coping and adaptation

o Psychological stress: o Harm that has occurred o Threat that is perceived o Challenge that is appraised as opportunity or alarm o Life event o Daily hassles o Role strain o Crisis: upset in equilibrium due to harm, threat, or challenge with which we cannot cope o Level of tension increases o Try and fail to cope with the stress o Crisis ends negatively o Developmental: events in life create dramatic change that produce extreme responses o Situational: uncommon events that a person has no way of controlling o Existential: escalating inner conflicts related to issues of purpose in life, responsibility, freedom, commitment o Traumatic stress: severe crisis or events that involve actual or threatened severe injury or death, of oneself or significant others o Social support: the interpersonal interactions and relationships that provide us with assistance or feelings of attachment to persons we perceive as caring o Formal (service organizations) o Informal (such as friends and neighbors)

Ainsworth’s Theory of Attachment Types of attachment: o o o o

Secure: cries & seeks comfort from mother; easily reassured Anxious: don’t explore, cling to mom, cry & pull away when mom returns Avoidant: indifferent to the mother Insecure disorganized/disoriented (added recently by scholars): attempt physical closeness, but retreat w/ acts of avoidance.

Parenting Styles o Authoritarian: hostile, moody, difficulty handling stress o Authoritative: associated w/ academic achievement, self- esteem & social competence o Permissive: cheerful but have little impulse control

Piaget’s Stages of cognitive development

o Sensorimotor stage (birth-2 years): focus on only one thing at a time o Preoperational stage (2-7 years): recall sequences o Concrete operations stage (7-11 years): think things through o Formal operations stage (11-beyond): apply logic to various situations and use symbols to solve problems Kohlberg’s stages of moral development o Preconventional (toddlers) o Conventional o Postconventional

Late and Very Late Adulthood Fluid intelligence: capacity for abstract reasoning and involves the ability to “respond quickly, to memorize quickly, to compute quickly with no error, and to draw rapid inferences from visual relationships”

Crystallized intelligence: accumulated learning and ability to reflect and recognize rather than recall and remember -

Stages of grief: o Denial o Anger o Bargaining o Depression o Acceptance

Activity Theory- life satisfaction is related to level of activity Continuity Theory- elderly continue to adapt using the same coping skills they have used throughout the life course Advance directives: Documents that give instructions about desired health care if, in the future, individuals cannot speak for themselves o Living will: document that describes the medical procedures, drugs, and types of treatment one would choose for themselves if unable to do so in certain situations, describes situations for which one would want treatment withheld...