Test One - Answers PDF

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Practice Exercises for Exam with answers 2...

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PBL$Practice$Test$One$–$Practice$Questions$and$Answers$ $ 1.$ Svetlana$invites$her$friend$Ivan$to$her$birthday$party.$Ivan$attends,$but$does$ not$ bring$ a$ birthday$ present.$ In$ failing$ to$ bring$ a$ birthday$ present,$ which$ one$of$the$following$laws$has$Ivan$most$likely$broken?$(See$page$2)$

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Natural!laws! Customary!laws! Moral!and!religious!laws! National!laws!

What$ is$ the$ main$ difference$ between$ customary,$ moral$ and$ religious$ or$ natural$ laws$ (on$ the$ one$ hand)$ and$ national$ law$ (on$ the$ other$ hand)?$ Identify$the$correct$answer.$(See$page$2)! Unless!they!become!part!of!national!law,!customary,!moral!and!religious!or! natural! laws! are! not! rules! of! conduct! recognised! and! enforced! by! the! authority!of!the!state!whereas!national!laws!are!recognised!and!enforced!by! the!authority!of!the!state.! There! are! no! consequences! for! breaking! customary,! moral! and! religious! or! natural!laws,!but!there!are!consequences!for!breaking!national!law.! Rules!of!customary,!moral!and!religious!or!natural!law!are!always!enforced!by! the!state,!whereas!rules!of!national!law!are!not!enforced!by!the!state.!

Identify$the$incorrect!statement.$(See$pages$2K3)$ Some! rules! of! law! regulate! conduct! by! prohibiting! and! punishing! certain! types!of!undesirable!behavior,!for!example,!laws!imposing!fines!on!drivers!for! exceeding!the!speed!limit.! Some!laws!allow!or!reward!certain!behavior!the!government!thinks!desirable,! for!example,!laws!granting!tax!concessions!to!those!running!a!small!business.!

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The! law! creates! rights! and! duties! which! are! enforced! by! individuals! themselves.! !

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Identify$the$incorrect$statement.$(See$pages$3K4)! The!ideal!purpose!of!law!is!to!achieve!just!outcomes.! An! important! aspect! of! modern! law! is! that! it! should! be! clear! and! its! application!predictable.! Only!those!laws!that!provide!for!just!and!fair!outcomes!are!rules!of!law.! When!deciding!cases,!judges!sometimes!may!have!to!decide!whether!to!give! preference! to! the! requirements! of! justice! or! the! requirements! of! predictability.!

Identify$the$incorrect$statement.$(See$page$5)! International!law!is!about!agreements!made!between!private!individuals.! Contract!law!concerns!private!agreements!giving!rise!to!legally!enforceable! rights!and!obligations.! Jurisprudence!is!about!the!philosophy!of!law.! Criminal!law!concerns!the!prohibition!and!punishment!by!the!state!of! conduct!considered!harmful!to!the!general!community.!

Identify$the$incorrect$statement.$(See$page$6)$ Legal!meanings!refer!to!the!particular!meaning!or!significance!that!words!or! phrases!have!in!a!specific!area!of!law.! Legal! meanings! refer! to! the! ordinary! meaning! of! words! used! in! a! legal! document.! The!specific!legal!meaning!of!a!word!may!differ!from!its!ordinary!meaning.! !

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Identify$the$incorrect$statement.$(See$page$7)$ Australian! law! has! been! influenced! to! a! significant! extent! by! the! English! common!law.! Australian! law! is! more! similar! to! the! law! of! countries! that! have! been! influenced! by! Roman! law! than! those! countries! influenced! by! the! English! common!law.! Most!of!the! states!making!up! the!United!States! of!America!and! the!English! speaking! parts! of! Canada! have! been! heavily! influenced! by! the! English! common!law!system.!

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Identify$the$incorrect$statement.$(See$page$9)$ The!Commonwealth!Constitution!is!a!written!document!formally!enacted!as! law.! The!Commonwealth!Constitution!can!be!amended!as!long!as!the!approval!of! both!the!Prime!Minister!and!GovernorMGeneral!is!obtained.! Australian!state!constitutions!are!written!documents!formally!enacted!as!law.! A! change! to! the! Commonwealth! Constitution! requires! the! consent! of! Australian!voters!in!a!national!referendum.!

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Identify$the$correct$statement.$(See$pages$8$and$10)$ Australia! only! has! two! selfMgoverning! territories,! the! Australian! Capital! Territory!and!the!Northern!Territory.! The! head! of! the! Commonwealth! of! Australia! and! of! the! states,! Queen! Elizabeth!II,!is!democratically!elected.! Australian!governments!are! elected!periodically!by! gaining!the!support! of!a! majority!of!voters!at!elections.! Local! governments! generally! have! responsibility! for! matters! of! national! importance.!

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Who$elects$the$Prime$Minister$of$Australia?$Choose$the$correct$answer.$ (See$page$12)$ The!members!of!the!House!of!Representatives! The!members!of!the!High!Court! The!political!party!forming!the!government!of!the!day! Voters!at!a!general!election!

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In$which$branch$of$government$does$the$Prime$Minister$of$Australia$ belong?$Choose$the$correct$answer.(See$page$12)$ The!Courts! The!Senate! The!Executive!

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Which$one$of$ the$following$statements$ about$the$legislative$power$of$the$ Commonwealth$is$correct?$(See$pages$13$and$21)$ The!Commonwealth!is!given!its!legislative!power!by!the!state!constitutions.! The! Commonwealth! has! legislative! power! only! in! relation! to! specified! matters!listed!in!the!Commonwealth!Constitution.! There!are!no!matters!in!relation!to!which!the!Commonwealth!has!exclusive! powers!to!legislate.!

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Which$one$of$the$following$statements$about$the$legislative$power$of$the$ states$is$incorrect?$(See$pages$13$and$20)! State! parliaments! derive! their! power! to! legislate! from! their! state! constitutions.! State!parliaments!only!have!legislative!power!in!relation!to!specified!matters! listed!in!their!state!constitutions.! State! governments! share! some! of! their! legislative! power! with! the! Commonwealth!government! and!so! have!a! concurrent!power! in!relation!to! those!shared!matters.!

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Which$one$of$the$following$statements$about$Australian$parliaments$is$ incorrect?$(See$pages$13$and$20)!

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The!upper!Houses!of!state!parliaments!are!called!Legislative!Councils.! The!upper!House!of!the!Queensland!Parliament!is!called!the!Legislative! Council.! In!New!South! Wales,!Queensland,!Victoria!and!Western!Australia! the!lower! Houses! are! called! Legislative! Assemblies,! whereas! in! South! Australia! and! Tasmania!they!are!called!Houses!of!Assembly.! The! lower! House! of! the! Commonwealth! legislature! is! called! the! House! of! Representatives!and!the!upper!House!is!called!the!Senate.!

Identify$the$correct$statement.$(See$pages$13K14)$ A!validly!enacted!Commonwealth!law!prevails!over!state!law,!but!only!to!the! extent!that!the!state!law!is!inconsistent!with!the!Commonwealth!law.! A!validly!enacted!state!law!prevails!over!Commonwealth!Law,!but!only!to!the! extent!that!the!Commonwealth!law!is!inconsistent!with!the!state!law.! The! Commonwealth! Parliament! has! an! unlimited! power! to! legislate! for! the! wellbeing!of!all!Australians.! ByMlaws!made!by!a!local!government!which!conflict!with!Commonwealth!law! prevail!over!that!Commonwealth!law.!

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Which$one$of$the$following$is$not$a$type$of$law$created$by$judges$when$they$ decide$cases?$(See$page$17)$ Case!law! Statute! Common!law! General!law!

Which$one$of$the$following$laws$is$not$made$in$the$form$of$legislation?$(See$ page$19)$ An!Act! General!law! Statute! ByMlaws!or!local!laws!

Identify$the$correct$statement.$(See$page$24)$ A!proposal!for!a!new!law!is!initiated!by!parliamentary!counsel!or!draftspeople! and!presented!to!cabinet.! The!completed!draft!of!proposed!legislation!is!called!an!“Act”.! Parliamentary! counsel/draftspeople! prepare! a! draft! of! proposed! law! at! the! request!of!the!Minister!and!after!any!policy!issues!are!settled!by!cabinet.! A!Bill! must!be! reviewed!by!the!High! Court!before! it!can!be! introduced!into! the!legislature.!

After$a$Bill$is$introduced$into$a$legislature,$when$is$it$debated?$Choose$the$ correct$answer.$(See$pages$24K25)$ At!the!first!reading!stage!of!the!Bill.! At!the!second!reading!stage!of!the!Bill.! At!the!third!reading!stage!of!the!Bill.! !

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Identify$the$incorrect$statement.$(See$page$25)$ An!Act!always!becomes!operational!the!day!after!it!receives!Royal!assent.! A!Bill!becomes!an!Act!after!receiving!Royal!assent!but!will!not!be!operational! until!the!commencement!date.! Approval!by!the!Crown!of!laws!!passed!by!an!Australian!legislature!is,!by! convention,!usually!only!a!formality.!

Look$at$the$following$citation:$(See$page$30)$ Adoption!Act$1984$(Vic).$ What$is$the$most$accurate$statement$about$this$citation?$ The!Governor!of!Queensland!has!given!Royal!assent!to!this!law.! This!is!an!Act!of!the!Victorian!Parliament,!enacted!in!1984,!relating!to! adoption.!! This!is!a!Bill!passed!by!the!Victorian!Parliament!awaiting!Royal!assent.!

The$citation$of$an$Act$contains$three$important$elements.$What$are$they?$ Choose$the$correct$answer.$(See$page$30)$ The!name!of!the!Act,!its!purpose!and!commencement!date.! The!name!of!the!Act,!its!date!of!Royal!assent!and!object.! The!name!of!the!Act,!the!year!it!was!enacted!and!an!abbreviated!reference!of! the!legislature!that!enacted!it.!

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Questions$23,$24,$25$and$26$refer$to$the$legislative$excerpt$below.$$Read$the$ legislative$excerpt$below$and$then$answer$the$questions.$$ $ Tobacco&Advertising&Prohibition&Act&1992&(Cth)& 3&

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(1)! This!Act!is!intended!to!limit!the!exposure!of!the!public!to! messages!and!images!that!may!persuade!them:! (a)! to!start!smoking,!or!to!continue!smoking;!or! (b)! to!use,!or!to!continue!using,!tobacco!products.! (2)! The!object!is!to!improve!public!health.!

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Meaning&of&tobacco&advertisement& Basic&meaning&

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Subject!to!this!section,!for!the!purposes!of!this!Act,!a!tobacco! advertisement!is!any!writing,!still!or!moving!picture,!sign,! symbol!or!other!visual!image,!or!any!audible!message,!or!any! combination!of!2!or!more!of!those!things,!that!gives!publicity!to,! or!otherwise!promotes!or!is!intended!to!promote:! (a)! smoking;!or! (b)! the!purchase!or!use!of!a!tobacco!product!or!a!range!of! tobacco!products;!or! (c)! the!whole!or!a!part!of!a!trade!mark!that!is!registered!under! the!Trade&Marks&Act&1955&in!respect!of!goods!that!are!or! include!tobacco!products.! !

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Tobacco&advertisements¬&to&be&broadcast&

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(1)! A!person!must!not!broadcast!a!tobacco!advertisement!in! Australia!or!Norfolk!Island!on!or!after!1!July!1993!otherwise!than! as!permitted!by!section!14.!

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Accidental&or&incidental&broadcast&permitted&

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! A!person!may!broadcast!a!tobacco!advertisement!if:! (a)! the!person!broadcasts!the!advertisement!as!an!accidental! or!incidental!accompaniment!to!the!broadcasting!of!other! matter;!and! !!!!!!!!!(b)! the!person!does!not!receive!any!direct!or!indirect!benefit! (whether!financial!or!not)!for!broadcasting!the!advertisement! (in!addition!to!any!direct!or!indirect!benefit!that!the!person! receives!for!broadcasting!the!other!matter).&

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Broadcast&or&publication&of&advertisements&during&flights&of& aircraft& It!is!not!an!offence!against!this!Act!to!broadcast!or!publish!a!tobacco!

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advertisement!in!an!aircraft!during!a!flight!of!the!aircraft!unless!the! flight!begins!at!a!place!in!Australia!and!is!intended!to!end!at!another! place!in!Australia.!

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Big$ TV$ Station$ (BTV)$ broadcasts$ a$ popular$ Sydney$ tennis$ tournament.$ A$ number$ of$ spectators$ in$ the$ crowd$ wear$ caps$ prominently$ displaying$ the$ registered$ trade$ mark$ of$ Big$ Cigarette$ Manufacturer$ (BCM).$ During$ the$ broadcast,$ whenever$ the$ TV$ cameras$ show$ the$ players$ serving,$ these$ spectators$ are$ also$ visible$ on$ screen.$ Has$ BTV$ breached$ section$ 13$ of$ the$ Tobacco! Advertising! Prohibition! Act! by$ broadcasting$ the$ caps$ (and$ trade$ marks)$on$ screen?$Choose$the$ answer$that$best$ reflects$the$ legal$position$ on$this$issue.$ Yes,!because!the!broadcast!footage!gave!publicity!to!!a!!registered!trade!mark! in!respect!of!goods!that!are!!tobacco!products.! Yes,!because!the!broadcast!footage!would!promote!smoking!and!so!would!be! detrimental!to!public!health.! No,!because!the!tobacco!advertising!by!BTV!was!only!an!accidental!or! incidental!accompaniment!to!its!broadcast!of!the!tennis!tournament.!

Referring$to$the$facts$in$question$23$above,$ would$your$answer$be$different$ if$BCM$had$entered$into$a$contractual$arrangement$with$BTV$under$which$it$ paid$BTV$ a$fixed$ sum$on$each$occasion$the$spectators$with$caps$bearing$its$ trade$mark$$were$shown$during$the$broadcast?$Choose$the$answer$that$best$ reflects$the$legal$position$on$this$issue.$ Yes,!because!BTV!would!be!receiving!a!financial!benefit!for!the!footage.! No,!because!the!footage!showing!spectators!wearing!caps!with!BCM’s!name! would!still!only!be!!incidental!to!the!broadcast!of!the!tennis!tournament.! No,!because!people!are!unlikely!to!be!persuaded!to!smoke!because!of! commercial!arrangements!between!TV!stations!and!tobacco!manufacturers.!

John$owns$a$large$empty$block$of$property$on$a$main$road.$$Thousands$of$ cars$drive$by$each$day.$Big$Cigarette$Manufacturer$(BCM)$offers$John$$5000$ if$John$is$prepared$to$allow$them$to$build$a$large$statue$at$the$front$of$the$ property,$ facing$ the$ main$ road,$ that$ could$ be$ seen$ by$ traffic.$ $ The$ statue$ would$be$of$an$opened$packet$of$BCM$cigarettes.$$John$agrees$to$allow$the$ statue$to$be$built$on$his$property$for$the$agreed$fee.$$Has$John$contravened$ the$Tobacco!Advertising!Prohibition!Act?$Choose$the$best$answer.$

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A!key!question!will!be!whether!the!statue!falls!within!the!definition!of! ‘tobacco!advertisement’!within!section!9!of!the!Act.!!Using!the!literal!and! purpose!approaches!to!statutory!interpretation,!it!is!likely!that!the!statue! would!fall!within!the!definition!of!‘sign,!symbol!or!other!visual!image’!and!it!is! therefore!possible!that!John!has!breached!section!13!of!the!Act!by!allowing! the!statue!to!be!built!on!his!property.! A!key!question!will!be!whether!the!statue!falls!within!the!definition!of! ‘tobacco!advertisement’!within!section!9!of!the!Act.!!This!is!a!rare!case!in! which!the!golden!rule!of!statutory!interpretation!would!be!applied,!to!ensure! that!the!word!‘symbol’!was!given!the!definition!of!statue.!!Therefore!it!is! possible!that!John!has!breached!section!13!of!the!Act!by!allowing!the!statue! to!be!built!on!his!property.! This!will!depend!on!whether!the!statue!falls!within!the!definition!of!‘tobacco! advertisement’!within!section!9!of!the!Act!and!whether!John!accidentally! ‘broadcasted’!the!statue!under!section!14!of!the!Act.!!While!it!is!likely!that! the!statue!falls!within!the!definition,!in!this!case,!as!John!had!no!intention!of! promoting!smoking,!and!does!not!appear!to!have!received!a!financial!benefit,! there!has!been!no!breach!of!section!14.!

The$ broadcast$ of$ a$ tobacco$ advertisement$ takes$ place$ on$ a$ direct$ flight$ from$ Melbourne$ to$ Shanghai.$ Has$ an$ offence$ against$ the$ Tobacco! Advertising!Prohibition!Act$been$committed?$Choose$the$answer$that$best$ reflects$the$legal$position$on$this$issue.$ Yes,!because!the!tobacco!advertising!is!still!damaging!the!health!of!people! who!have!been!in!or!are!connected!with!Australia.! Yes,!because!the!advertisement!is!a!tobacco!advertisement.! No,!because!the!Tobacco!Advertising!Prohibition!Act!is!not!contravened!in! situations!where!a!tobacco!advertisement!occurs!on!a!flight!starting!in! Australia!and!landing!outside!Australia.!

Refer$ to$ the$ Tobacco! Advertising! Prohibition! Act$ again.$ Which$ Australian$ legislature$passed$this$statute?$(See$page$30)$ The!New!South!Wales!legislature! The!Norfolk!Island!legislature! The!Commonwealth!legislature!

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Recall$the$“purpose”$section$in$section$3$of$the$Tobacco!Advertising! Prohibition!Act.$Identify$the$incorrect$statement$about$this$section.$(See$ page$27)$ It!outlines!the!broad!objectives!of!the!Act!as!a!whole.! It!is!just!a!general,!aspirational!statement!which!has!no!legal!significance.! It!is!potentially!helpful!in!interpreting!ambiguous!provisions!in!the!Act.!

If$the$government$wished$to$amend$the$Tobacco!Advertising!Prohibition! Act,$how$could$this$be$done?$Choose$the$correct$answer.$(See$pages$24$to$ 26.)$ By!the!enactment!of!legislation!in!the!Commonwealth!Parliament!amending! the!Act!and!then!seeking!Royal!assent!for!the!legislation.! By!having!changes!to!the!Act!passed!by!the!House!of!Representatives.! By!seeking!a!ruling!from!the!High!Court.!

When$judges$have$ to$decide$on$the$ meaning$of$legislation,$they$rely$on$ a$ number$of$legal$rules$to$assist$them.$Which$one$of$the$following$is$not$such$ a$rule?$(See$pages$31K34)$ Give!words!in!legislation!their!ordinary!and!natural!meaning.! Words!in!legislation!need!not!be!given!their!ordinary!meaning!if!this! produces!an!absurd!result.! Words!in!legislation!are!to!be!construed!consistently!with!the!overall!purpose! or!underlying!objective!the!legislation!is!intended!to!achieve.! Words!in!legislation!must!always!be!interpreted!so!as!to!produce!a!fair!result.! When$judges$decide$cases$they$sometimes$create$new$precedents.$Which$ one$of$the$following$is$not$one$of$the$ways$in$which$they$do$this?$(See$ pages$37K38)$ By!declaring!a!rule!originating!in!natural!law!to!be!a!part!of!Australian!law!for! the!first!time.! By!clarifying!the!meaning!of!an!existing!law!that!is!unclear!or!ambiguous.! By!extending!the!application!of!the!law!to!a!new!kind!of!case.! By!following!established!principle!in!a!case.! !

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Identify$the$correct$statement.$(See$pages$39$and$48)$ Common!law!and!equity!can!be!collectively!referred!to!as!“statutory!law”.! All!Australian!courts!apply!the!rules!of!both!equity!and!the!common!law.!! In!Australia,!there!are!separate!common!law!courts!and!courts!of!equity.! No!courts!in!Australia!apply!the!rules!of!both!the!common!law!and!equity! when!deciding!cases.! What$is$the$main$difference$between$civil$cases$and$criminal$cases?$Identify$ the$correct$answer.$(See$page$39)$ Civil!cases!are!always!conducted!in!a!polite!way,!whereas!criminal!cases!are! not.! In!civil!cases!courts!punish!those!found!guilty!of!breaching!the!criminal!law,! whereas!in!criminal!cases!they!generally!award!damages.! In!civil!cases!courts!provide!a!remedy!for!the!breach!of!a!legal!right,!whereas! in!criminal!cases!they!punish!those!found!guilty!of!brea...