The Beginning of Sociology and the Contributions of mile Durkheim PDF

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The Beginning of Sociology and the Contributions of Émile Durkheim SOC 100

Chapter 2

Vocabualry Quartile

Social physiology

In descriptive statistics, each of four

The notion that society may be

equal groups into which a population can be

studied as of it were a organism, demonstrating growth, order, stability,

divided according to the distribution

and pathologies

of values of a particular variable. Functionalism

Social Statics

A general theoretial orientation to the study of society that focuses on large-

Comte's term for social structure and/or social order

scale social structures and their role in maintaining or undermining social stability Social dynamics

Society

Comte's term for the process of social

A broad grouping of people who live

change

together and who have developed through interacting with one another, common interests, instsitutions, and collective activities, ypically demonstrating a unique pattern of social relations and shared norms, values, and beliefs

Social Facts

Social Current

"Things" that are external to the individual and capable of excercising

Experiences and emotional states that transcend individuals but have not yet

coercieve power over him or her,

been repeated consistently enough to

independent of, and resistent to, the individual of any given individual

be consider a "social fact"

Social Norms

Anomie

A set of rules governing social interaction.

Durkheim's term for the weakening or abscense of the usual moral standards governing social life, which allows free

Social norms can be perscriptivie or proscriptive Functionalism A general theoretical orientation to the

rein to desructive(or self-destructive) excercises of will in pursuit of expanding or unrealistic personal goals

study of society that focuses on large-scale social structures and their role in maintaining or undermining social stability.

Introduction Academic disipline taught in today's universities and colleges have been shaped by social economic political circumstances why was the disipline of sociology developed by thinkers who wanted to understand and control the direction of social changes taking place in the 1819th centry Europe & Nprth America George Ritzer identfied 6 social conditions of the 19th and 20th centuries that were of the utmost significance in the development of the disipline of sociology in Europe and North America

Politcal Reveolution behnning of 1789 → French Rev. → social thinkers = affected by what was happening wanted to restore society = to return to feudalism → conservative less conservative → said not poosible but also undesirable sought to organize society from a new foundation = based on equality of all human

The Industrial Revolotion agricultural → industrial capitilism powered by the free-market exchange of goods and services

althrough new economy = more profit ⇒ long hors of labour in bad conditions and poor wage why were there so many movements during this time and some examples aimed at ending social injustices overthrowing the capitilist system establishing in its place an economy controlled by workers labour movements, movements to ebolosh slavery. etc.

The Rise of Socialism Socialism → as an economic, political, and social ideal, emerged during the 19th century as a means of coping specifically with the excess of industrialization and capitalism Marx view on socialism Supported the overthrow of capitalism as the only means of allievating the misery of the majority of 19th century workers throughout the world one of his theories about capitalism "modes of production" → Typical of human evolution every progress → Advance communism as the final stage

Durkheim or Weber did not support the communist stage in fact actually feared Socialism

Urbanization industrial → ppl rural homes = forced to migrate → urban areas - in search for work some problems caused by rapid expansion overcrowding noise pollution poverty crime public-health crisis

unemployment alcholism

Religion europes deudal society → rocked by economic and political influences = religion threatned Durkeim → wrote most important works on religion Comte → went so far as to propose sociology be a new religion and him as the high preist Max Weber → point about of studying culture from a cross cultural perspective Karl Marx → stong views on social role of religion

The Growth of Science physics chemistry biology scientfic reasearch scientfic models how to make sense of the social world → diff ppl had diff. theoritical and political orientations Durkheim → postivist theoritical perspective w/ conservative political orientation Weber → interactive theoritical perspective w/ liberal political orientation Marx → positivist and historicist perspective w/ radical, activist, political orientation whats common stability-seeking motives of the disciplines founders and in their commitment using scientific methods of research and reasoning

Henri de Saint-Simon & the Study of Industrial Society one of the first to recognize the emergence of a new social order out of the decline of feudalism

concerned with how the new society should work introduced the "industrial society" into European social theory what did he argue industrialism = beginning of a new society - outgrowth of feudalism industrialism = would provide the basis for solving all the problems inhert in feudalism proposed the term social physiology → guiding principle which the new society shoul be studied 3 part program  course of civilization  laws of social orgaization  → basis on which humans could construct the best possible forms of social organizations what did he believe he identfied and developed law of human history polythesitic stage→ chirstian theism stage→ positivistic stage desire to maintain social order and next transistion to stage (disruption and crisis) Saw the pressing need for social reforms especially ones leading to central planning of the economy Did not believe like marks that the working class would one day supersede the capitalists Had influence on the development of both conservatives sociological theory such as Comte and Karl Marx

Auguste Comte and the Founding of Sociology Coin the term sociology First to reflect on the nature of society itself believed European state was in crisis → did not belive something new or exciting was happening → anarchy will soon come

Comte's work divided into two phrases anxiety after french revolution critisism of enlightenment thinkers - disintigration of society proposed a new scientific approach = positivisim (positivie philosophy) what question did he want to answer using positvisim What are the criteria by which we can distinguish scientific from non-scientific knowledge Examining the structure of societies found in times and places other than his own he might draw the laws of the social universe → variations in the forces and affects of those laws on patterns of social organization → course of positive philosophy (book) → "social physics" renamed as "sociology" Wanted this new science of the social to formulate the laws that underlay social relations once formulated and tested these laws could be used as tools to modify social world view society as an organic whole biological organism and a society — develop a model of sociological analysis → functionalism the sociology he concieved would be the study of both social statics and social synamics the two concepts of sociology would be governed by two categories of social law that Comte saw as important for sociologists to uncover the laws governing the relations between the elements of a given society (social statics)laws of succession The laws governing the movement from one stage of human development to another (social dynamics) laws of coexistence The laws governing the relations between the elements of a given society (social statics) he was an elitist what did he believe

The sociology would eventually dominate all of science because of its ability to uncover and interpret social laws and develop programs of reform to help ameliorate the problems within the system Comte's social theory was a combination of aristorcatric and bourgeoise views Sociology as a religion of humanity

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OhVamhT4Q3s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ofmnGmI115E

Littré & the Société de Sociologie: Sociology as a Political Practice instrumental in founding the short lived Société de Sociologie → first known sociological society in the world Believe that the French revolution heralded the end of revolutionary phrase of human history and the beginning of a new "organic phase" in which order and progress could be reconciled Sociology as politics Political practice was nothing more or less than a sociological method in action with the practical aim of improving society

Harriet Martineau: Methods of Sociological Research wrote about Americas society compared what they belived → democracy, justice, equality, and freedom vs what they instutionalized → racism what methodological guidelines for observing American society did she create = first systemic treatise of sociological research 3 physicial artifacts

official records other material indications of institutional organizations first women sociologist her 3 major accomplishments  she wrote the first book on sociological methods  she completed an "insightful and methodoloically advanced analysis of American society"  She translated into English and condensed Comte's Cours de philosophie positive

The Contributions of Émilie Durkheim held the first academic chair in sociology contributed many important concepts to sociology concepts of society social facts the sociological method anomie normalessness

Society what does society mean for Durkheim has no material existence is independent of the individuals who are affected by it what were the levels of reality manifested in the universe social physical chemical biologial psychological which reality did he think was most important and why

society becasue he believed it was a higher-order that must be granted its own lvl of existence what was his case about society and sociology → Rules of th Sociological Method giving society ontological status

Social Facts Social facts are things such as institutions, norms and values which exist external to the individual and constrain the individual. centeral to his argument about the autonomy of sociology — different from biology or psychology ....are independent of, resistent to, the will of any givien individual constrain the individual exercise power over the indiviudal individuals act according to 3 customs moral rules legal criteria each individual follows the rules and rights of their society and if they defy them well the laws and customs don't change — still continue before birth and after death what does the externality of social facts imply not spontaneously understood by ppl who are subjected to them not amenable to common-sense understanding this is what sociologists study what does all social facts consist of repersentations of social phenomena — "supra-individual" → beyond the individul

Sociology challenge recap and challenge #2 explain agency, without using 'social action'

https://www.reddit.com/r/sociology/comments/bm4ouq/sociology_challenge_recap_and_challenge_2_explain/

https://revisesociology.com/2016/12/12/what-are-social-facts/

What Are Social Facts, and How Do They Negatively Impact Society?

https://www.thoughtco.com/social-fact-3026590

ELI5 - Durkheim - Social fact https://www.reddit.com/r/sociology/comments/7d4bi8/eli5_durkheim_social_fact/

Durkheims distinction between social facts and individual incarnations

https://www.reddit.com/r/sociology/comments/3rdeu4/durkheims_distinction_between_social_facts_and/

Durkheim's social facts

https://www.reddit.com/r/AskSocialScience/comments/9vzj52/durkheims_social_facts/

The Sociological Method by which social facts maybe studied strictly empirical → positive science must be objective

While social facts constrain individual actions, social facts also emerge from the actions and interctions of those very individuals social currents → like social facts but not fixed social facts emerge is instructive social currents → crystillization → social facts

Social Norms and Anomie social norms generally accepted ways of doinging things the rules that govern all of social interaction argued the major problem facing society was the absecense of of morality appropriate to the new social conditions Anomie produces what social instability The Sociological Definition and Implications of Anomie

https://www.thoughtco.com/anomie-definition-3026052

A Critque of Durkeheim organic mode of society kinda failed society can break up into independent units

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9W0GQvONKc

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IZfGGFYYzY

The Beginnings of Canadian Sociology only till 1920s sociology first offered in academic departments at uni 1924 - first department of sociology at McGill 1963 - UofT french and canadian strongly influenced by catholic church and intellectual tradtitions of Europe Harold Inns followed the British model of sociological inquiry to address important questions about Canadian economic development developed → "stable thesis" Canadian economic and social developent → depend on natural resources rather than on manufacturing studied vital role of communication and communication technologies Marshal McLuhan first social theorists who saw the importance of electronic communications on thought, behavior, and the structure of society work on → media and culture coined the term "golabl village" and "medium is the message" John Porter most influential and impotant sociologist first canadian to make link between sociol class and ethnicity

Review Chapter Summary The pioneers of sociology were driven to develop theories to explain the social changes they were encountering in society. Auguste Comte, who is credited with being the founder of sociology, as well as other social thinkers such as Émile Durkheim, Karl Marx, and Max Weber, did their most influential work in a time of significant social and economic change brought about by the French Revolution and the rise of capitalism.

Saint-Simon proposed that society be studied like an organism, an approach he referred to as social physiology. Comte maintained that every society was the embodiment of historically contextual ideas and believed that sociology would be a dominant positivistic science conceptually governed by social laws, a forerunner to modern functionalism. Marx desired the overthrow of capitalism and hoped for a socialist revolution. While Weber and Durkheim acknowledged problems with capitalism, they were not revolutionaries, preferring to work within existing society. In addition to their commitment to scientifically confronting the problems of capitalism and the industrial revolution, early sociologists were concerned about religion and how best to develop sociology in lieu of the successful natural sciences. Saint-Simon thought industrial society would solve the problems of feudalism. In contrast, Comte held a pessimistic view of the changes he was seeing and blamed Enlightenment thinkers for the disintegration of society. Comte’s ideas were taken up by Émile Littré, who helped found the Société de Sociologie, its members comprised of elites committed to republican politics. Considered by many to be the first woman sociologist, Harriet Martineau demonstrated a wide gap between the values prized by Americans and the young republic’s actual institutionalized practices. Durkheim was concerned about anomie and its production of social instability as a consequence of not having a moral system appropriate to the changes that were occurring. Durkheim held the first academic chair in sociology and did much to establish society as the legitimate object of sociological analysis. Canadian sociology took a different path than American and European sociology, in that it developed in response to the uniqueness of Canada’s two major cultural and linguistic communities. Canadian sociology’s early influences were the work of Harold Innis, John Porter, and Marshall McLuhan. Contemporary Canadian sociologists continue this tradition of focusing on inequality, economic development, ethnicity, and communications with a commitment to understanding a changing national society. Fill in The Blank Comte blamed ________ thinkers for the disintegration of society. Enlightenment

Durkheim believed that society was ________, meaning that it is a higher-order reality that must be granted its own level of existence Sui Generis Social ________ are generally accepted ways of doing things. norms Harold Innis developed the ________, arguing that Canada’s economic and social development depended on the extraction and exportation of natural resources. staples thesis Marx described religion as “the ________ of the masses.” opiate Short Answer What were Comte’s opinions of the French Revolution and the future of European society? Comte’s opinions about the French Revolution were that it was leading to anarchy and the introduction of social ills. He thought it was necessary to encourage the natural evolution of society without resorting to revolution What emerged during the nineteenth century as a means of coping with the excesses of capitalism? Socialism emerged in the nineteenth century as an economic, political, and social system in response to the excesses of industrialization and capitalism How did the development of Canadian sociology differ from American and European sociology? Unlike American sociology, Canadian sociology’s development was influenced by Canada’s two major cultural and linguistic communities and the commitment of Canadian sociologists to understanding a changing national society What is anomie and what does it produce? Anomie, or normlessness, is Durkheim’s term for the weakening of moral standards, leading to the production of social instability How did Comte come to coin the term “sociology”? Comte initially called his approach “social physics,” but he was forced to change it to “sociology” because a statistician had already adopted “social physics” for his version of social statistics.

https://quizlet.com/107973457/social-facts-social-currents-flash-cards/...