The Cell Cycle and Cancer Worksheet completed PDF

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Virtual Lab: The Cell Cycle and Cancer Worksheet

In which phase of mitosis do each of the following occur: 1. Centromeres split and chromosomes move toward opposite sides of the cell Anaphase 2. Chromatin coils to form visible chromosomes Prophase 3. The nuclear membrane disappears Prophase 4. Sister chromatids line up in the center of the cell Metaphase 5. In which phases of mitosis are sister chromatids visible, and attached to each other at the centromere? Metaphase

Table 1: Record your data for the number of cells in each stage of the cell cycle observed in normal tissues. Tissue Type Lung Tissue Sample 1 Lung Tissue Sample 2 Total lung Stomach Tissue Sample 1 Stomach Tissue Sample 2 Total stomach Ovarian Tissue Sample 1 Ovarian Tissue Sample 2 Total ovarian

# Cells in Interphase 19

# Cells in Prophase 1

# Cells in Metaphase 0

# Cells in Anaphase 0

# Cells in Telophase 0

19

0

0

1

0

38 18

1 0

0 1

1 0

0 1

16

1

1

0

2

34 19

1 0

2 0

0 1

3 0

18

0

1

2

0

37

0

1

3

0

Table 2: Record your data for the number of cells in each stage of the cell cycle observed in cancerous tissues. Tissue Type Lung Tissue Sample 1 Lung Tissue Sample 2 Total lung Stomach Tissue Sample 1 Stomach Tissue Sample 2 Total stomach Ovarian Tissue Sample 1 Ovarian Tissue Sample 2 Total ovarian

# Cells in Interphase 15

# Cells in Prophase 1

# Cells in Metaphase 3

# Cells in Anaphase 0

# Cells in Telophase 1

16

0

2

1

1

31 14

1 2

5 1

1 1

2 2

13

2

2

2

1

27

4

3

3

3

12

2

1

2

3

11

2

2

3

2

23

4

3

5

5

Table 3: Use the data in Table 1 to calculate the Mitotic Index (average % cells dividing) for each normal tissue type. Tissue Type Lung - normal Stomach - normal Ovary - normal

Avg. % cells at rest 15.2% 13.6% 15.17%

Mitotic Index 5% 15% 9.756%

Table 4: Use the data in Table 2 to calculate the average % cells dividing and average % cells at rest in each cancerous tissue type. Tissue Type

Avg. % cells at rest

Mitotic Index

Lung - cancerous Stomach - cancerous Ovary - cancerous

12.4% 10.8% 9.2%

22.5% 32.5% 42.5%

Questions: 6. What does your data indicate about the rate of cell division in cancerous tissue compared to the rate of cell division in normal tissue? What data did you use to answer this question?

The mitotic index shows that the rate of cancerous tissue is more than the rate of normal tissue when the cell division occurs.

7. From your data which type of cancer is the fastest growing? Explain your answer, using your relevant data.

Ovarian cancer is the fastest growing cancer because it has highest mitotic index. 8. With what you have observed in this lab, if you were to compare tissue sample from normal breast tissue and cancerous breast tissue: a. Would you expect to see a difference in the rate of cell division in the cancerous breast tissue compared to the normal breast tissue? Explain your answer.

Yes, the cancerous breast tissue will have higher cell division rate compared to normal breast tissue. this is because the cell cycle is not regulated in cancerous cells and this will make the cells to divide out of control giving the daughter cells the same ability to divide rapidly.

b. Could you make a prediction about the average % dividing cells in the cancerous breast tissue? Explain your answer.

It is hard to make prediction with out having the normal division rate and cancerous tissue division rate. But if we have to make range based on our previous experiments and if the breast cancer cells have the same pattern as those we have seen in our experiments, I would say it might be between 12.5% and 62.5% because each of our cancer cells have 10% difference and breast cells have average cell production. 9. Consider the % dividing cells in normal lung, normal stomach, and normal ovarian tissue. Why do you think there are more cells dividing in the stomach and ovary tissue than in the lung tissue?

There are more cells dividing in the stomach and ovary tissue than the lung tissue because the ovaries and stomach have more production of cells than lung tissues. The normal lung cells to not have to divide as often because those cells are not exposed to many things throughout the day. The normal stomach cells on the other hand divide more because there is a lot of acidity in the stomach and therefore those cells are exposed to alot of things on a daily basis. As for the ovaries, there would be a more cell division because that is where new life is formed and all of the things that come along with that which means that there should be more division going on. 10. In a normal lab setting, we would look at tissue sections from embryonic tissue (blastula stage) of whitefish. How do you think the mitotic index of the blastula tissue compares to that of normal tissue from adult whitefish? Why do you think that?

I think the mitotic index of the blastula tissue is higher than the normal tissue in adult whitefish. This is because mitosis and cytokinesis are most easily observed in the rapidly growing embryotic tissue, which in our case is blastula stage of whitefish....