The Cellular Basis of Life Notes PDF

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The Cellular Basis of Life 

Cells and Organization o Cells (Have all 7 Characteristics of life) o Cell Theory (Robert Hooke):  All living things have 1+ cell(s).  The cell is the smallest unit of a living organism  New cells only come from pre-existing cells by cell division.  We have about 10-100 trillion cells (that are ours and not bacteria etc.). o Cell Size o Common features of Cells  Barrier, set of genes, cytoplasm o Cell Diversity  Prokaryote (Before a nucleus)  Eukaryotes (True nucleus) o Prokaryotic Structure  Ribosomes use DNA to make proteins  Antibiotics—attacks ribosomes of a prokaryotic cell  ***Bonus points*** Why don’t antibiotics work on viruses? o Familiar Prokaryotes  Escherichia Coli:  Microbe in mammalian GI tracts  Cyanobacteria (pond scum)  Bordetella pertussis  Whooping cough o Eukaryotic Cells  Compartmentalization: the way organelles are organized.  Efficiency  Cytoplasm  Site of many metabolic reactions  Plasma Membrane  Major Organelles  4 Major Jobs of Cells: o 1. Manufacturing of Molecules o 2. Breakdown of Molecules o 3. Energy Processing o 4. Structural Support, movement, and communication.  Nucleus  Cytoskeleton o 3 types of filaments  Endomembrane System o Endoplasmic Reticulum: Adds protein structures to similar proteins. o Golgi Apparatus

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Nuclear Membrane o Sends out information on how to make proteins o Ribosomes build proteins based on what the RNA messenger encodes Endoplasmic Reticulum o Smooth ER (no ribosomes)—detoxifies alcohol o Cross-tolerance: Taking one drug and developing a tolerance to a similar drug not taken. Golgi Apparatus o Compounds going in/leaving go here Lysozomes o Autophagy: “Self-consuming.” Vacuoloes o Hydrolocomotion—movement using water Cell Walls o Only in plants o Chloroplasts: convert sunlight into chemical energy  Mitochondria =/ chloroplasts Mitochondria o ATP = “energy currency” o Muscles have a lot of mitochondria o Tail of sperm = line of mitochondria Chloroplasts Semiautonomous Organelles o Mitochondria and Chloroplasts o Endosymbiosis Theory...