The History of Psychological Testing – Chapter 2 PDF

Preview

Summary

History of psychological testing on young children ...

Description

The History of Psychological Testing – Chapter 2  Assumed Birth of Psych Tests  Francis Galton (1822 – 1913) tested sensory and motor measures  Standardized research in many psych areas  James McKeen Cattell (1860 -1944) psych needs for foundational research  Reaction time, memory, physical responses, “mental tests”  Why study Psych History?  Look to the past to understand the present  By studying the origins we learn two things  Strengths  Weaknesses  Test and measures are products of evolving research and findings  Historical Civil Service  2200 BC Chinese officials were tested every three years  Over countries exam included:  Civil law, military affairs, agriculture, revenue, and geography  1970s philosophy of Confusions was added  Ended in 1908 by royal decree  What issues might arise from this type of testing  German Psychiatric Testing  Hubert Von Grashey (1839 – 1914) – psychiatric interest of testing brain injuries  The memory drum, using images still and through a slit of paper  Konrad Rieger (1865 – 1939) 100 hours of administration  Battery for brain damage  Most are long “forgotten” they helped set precedent for standardization.  Physiognomy and Phrenology **  Physiognomy: “science” that character and appearance interact  Blame it on Aristotle  Phrenology: the “bumps” on the head correlate to personality traits  The Brass Instrument Era  1800s European psychologists moved towards objective research  Mistakes included assuming sensory process were of intelligence  Gustav Fechner (1801 – 1887) explored psychophysics  Relationship between physical stimuli and mental process  Willhelm Wundt (1832 – 1920) “father of experimental psych” in laboratory  Studied swiftness of thought with a metronome and bells.  Galton and Mental Tests  Sir Francis Galton (1822 – 1911) pioneered British experimental psychology  Obsessed with measurements of all aspects of human experience











 Galton altered the practices of the Brass Instrument Era and applied them to hundreds of subjects for comparable purposes  Galton’s goals were fruitless but advanced mental tests (and others) Light-years ahead of were of where it was at the time. Experimental come to America  Cattell studied RT (reaction time) with colleagues and even with rudimentary standardization, found subjective differences in recorded results  Mental tests examined a variety of mental and physical processes  Clark Wissler (1870 – 1947) correlated mental test scores to academic grades  Wissler’s results caused psychologists to understand sensation is not intelligence Concepts of Psychiatric Illness  Emotional and Mental illnesses were one cause for execution or exile  Early 1800s turned to humanism and medicine for psychiatric health  French physicians led research which created a need for the Binet tests  Esquirol identified a differences between mental retardation and illness  Seguin worked in Wild Boy and education of mental retardation Binet and Mental Processes  Alfred Binet (1867 – 1911) first modern intelligence test in 1905  After much struggle in early research, Binet focused on clean methods  1869, Binet, with Henri, published about intelligence being higher cognition  1905, original Binet test stemmed from retardation test  Heavily weighed toward verbal skill rather than sensation  1908, they revised their original scale, their questions, and their administration Knox and Nonverbal Tests  Knox felt the verbal Binet-Simon translates were not appropriate to test immigrants and developed a nonverbal replacement  Tested immigrants at Ellis island and determined many classifications were wrong  Many components were foundational for modern test American Test Development  Standford-Binet and Wechsler:  ( The rest is online )...