The Palgrave Macmillan POLITICS Fourth Edition PDF

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The Palgrave Macmillan POLITICS Fourth Edition ANDREW HEYWOOD POLITICS Palgrave Foundations A series of introductory texts across a wide range of subject areas to meet the needs of today’s lecturers and students Foundations texts provide complete yet concise coverage of core topics and skills based ...

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The Palgrave Macmillan POLITICS Fourth Edition

ANDREW HEYWOOD

POLITICS

Palgrave Foundations A series of introductory texts across a wide range of subject areas to meet the needs of today’s lecturers and students Foundations texts provide complete yet concise coverage of core topics and skills based on detailed research of course requirements suitable for both independent study and class use – the firm foundations for future study. Published A History of English Literature (second edition) Biology British Politics (second edition) Chemistry (fourth edition) Communication Studies Contemporary Europe (third edition) Economics Economics for Business European Union Politics Foundations of Marketing Global Politics Modern British History Nineteenth-Century Britain Philosophy Physics (third edition) Politics (fourth edition) Theatre Studies

POLITICS Fourth Edition

ANDREW HEYWOOD

© Andrew Heywood 1997, 2002, 2007, 2013 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First edition 1997 Second edition 2002 Third edition 2007 Fourth edition 2013 Published by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries ISBN 978–0–230–36337–3 ISBN 978–0–230–36338–0

hardback paperback

This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Heywood, Andrew. Politics / Andrew Heywood. – 4th ed. p. cm. ISBN 978-0-230-36338-0 1. Political science. I. Title. JA66.H45 2013 320–dc23 2012024723 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 Printed and bound in China

Brief Contents

1 What is Politics?

1

2 Political Ideas and Ideologies

27

3 Politics and the State

56

4 Democracy and Legitimacy

80

5 Nations and Nationalism

108

6 Political Economy and Globalization

128

7 Politics, Society and Identity

151

8 Political Culture and the Media

171

9 Representation, Elections and Voting

196

10 Parties and Party Systems

221

11 Groups, Interests and Movements

244

12 Governments, Systems and Regimes

265

13 Political Executives and Leadership

284

14 Assemblies

309

15 Constitutions, Law and Judges

331

16 Public Policy and the Bureaucracy

351

17 Multilevel Politics

378

18 Security: Domestic and International

399

19 World Order and Global Governance

421

20 A Crisis in Politics?

443

v

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Contents

List of Illustrative Material Preface to the Fourth Edition Using This Book Guide to the Key Features Acknowledgements

1 What is Politics?

2

xii xvii xviii xx xxii

Feminism Green politics Cosmopolitanism Non-western ideological trends Summary Questions for discussion Further reading

1

Preview Key issues DEFINING POLITICS Politics as the art of government Politics as public affairs Politics as compromise and consensus Politics as power STUDYING POLITICS Approaches to the study of politics Concepts, models and theories POLITICS IN A GLOBAL AGE Beyond the domestic/international divide? Summary Questions for discussion Further reading

1 1 2 3 5 8 9 12 12 18 23

Political Ideas and Ideologies

27

Preview Key issues WHAT IS POLITICAL IDEOLOGY? CLASSICAL IDEOLOGICAL TRADITIONS Liberalism Conservatism Socialism OTHER IDEOLOGICAL TRADITIONS Fascism Anarchism

27 27 28 30 31 34 38 46 47 48

3 Politics and the State

23 26 26 26

49 50 51 52 55 55 55

56

Preview Key issues DEFINING THE STATE DEBATING THE STATE Rival theories of the state The role of the state ECLIPSE OF THE STATE? Decline and fall of the state Return of the state? Summary Questions for discussion Further reading

56 56 57 60 60 67 72 72 76 79 79 79

4 Democracy and Legitimacy

80

Preview 80 Key issues 80 LEGITIMACY AND POLITICAL STABILITY 81 Legitimizing power 81 Legitimation crises and revolutions 83 Democratic legitimacy 86 DEMOCRACY 89 Understanding democracy 89 Models of democracy 93 Democracy in practice: rival views 99 Towards cosmopolitan democracy? 105 Summary 107 vii

viii

CONTENTS Questions for discussion Further reading

5 Nations and Nationalism Preview Key issues WHAT IS A NATION? Nations as cultural communities Nations as political communities VARIETIES OF NATIONALISM Liberal nationalism Conservative nationalism Expansionist nationalism Anticolonial and postcolonial nationalism A FUTURE FOR THE NATION-STATE? Summary Questions for discussion Further reading

6 Political Economy and Globalization

107 107

108 108 108 109 110 112 115 116 118 120 122 123 127 127 127

128

Preview 128 Key issues 128 POLITICAL ECONOMY 129 Approaches to political economy 129 Varieties of capitalism 131 Managed or unmanaged capitalism? 135 Alternatives to capitalism 138 GLOBALIZATION 141 Understanding globalization 141 Rise of neoliberal globalization 144 The 2007–09 Crash and its legacy 146 Summary 150 Questions for discussion 150 Further reading 150

7 Politics, Society and Identity Preview Key issues POLITICS AND SOCIETY From industrialism to post-industrialism

151 151 151 152 152

New technology and the ‘information society’ No such thing as society? IDENTITY POLITICS Rise of identity politics Race and ethnicity Gender politics Religion and politics Cultural diversity Summary Questions for discussion Further reading

154 157 160 160 160 163 164 165 170 170 170

8 Political Culture and the Media 171 Preview 171 Key issues 171 POLITICAL CULTURE 172 Civic culture or ideological hegemony?172 Decline of social capital? 175 THE MEDIA AND POLITICAL COMMUNICATION 178 Theories of the mass media 178 Media, democracy and governance 182 Political communication 191 Summary 195 Questions for discussion 195 Further reading 195

9 Representation, Elections and Voting Preview Key issues REPRESENTATION Theories of representation ELECTIONS Functions of elections Electoral systems: debates and controversies What do elections mean? VOTING BEHAVIOUR Summary Questions for discussion Further reading

196 196 196 197 197 202 205 206 213 216 220 220 220

CONTENTS

10 Parties and Party Systems Preview Key issues PARTY POLITICS Types of party Functions of parties Party organization: where does power lie? PARTY SYSTEMS One-party systems Two-party systems Dominant-party systems Multiparty systems DECLINE OF PARTIES? Summary Questions for discussion Further reading

11 Groups, Interests and Movements Preview Key issues GROUP POLITICS Types of group Models of group politics Patterns of group politics SOCIAL MOVEMENTS New social movements Summary Questions for discussion Further reading

12 Governments, Systems and Regimes Preview Key issues TRADITIONAL SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION Why classify political systems? Classical typologies The ‘three worlds’ typology REGIMES OF THE MODERN WORLD Western polyarchies

221 221 221 222 222 227 231 233 234 235 237 239 241 243 243 243

244 244 244 245 246 249 254 260 260 264 264 264

265 265 265 266 266 267 269 270 273

New democracies East Asian regimes Islamic regimes Military regimes Summary Questions for discussion Further reading

13 Political Executives and Leadership Preview Key issues ROLE OF THE EXECUTIVE Who’s who in the executive? Functions of political executives POWER IN THE EXECUTIVE: WHO LEADS? Presidents Prime ministers Cabinets THE POLITICS OF LEADERSHIP Theories of leadership Styles of leadership Summary Questions for discussion Further reading

14 Assemblies Preview Key issues ROLE OF ASSEMBLIES Parliamentary, presidential and semi-presidential systems Functions of assemblies STRUCTURE OF ASSEMBLIES Unicameralism or bicameralism? Committee systems PERFORMANCE OF ASSEMBLIES Do assemblies make policy? Why are assemblies in decline? The rise of assemblies? Summary Questions for discussion Further reading

ix 275 277 279 281 283 283 283

284 284 284 285 285 286 288 289 293 298 300 301 304 308 308 308

309 309 309 310 310 314 318 318 321 323 323 326 329 330 330 330

x

CONTENTS

15 Constitutions, Law and Judges 331 Preview Key issues CONSTITUTIONS Constitutions: their nature and origins Classifying constitutions The purpose of a constitution Do constitutions matter? THE LAW Law, morality and politics THE JUDICIARY Are judges political? Do judges make policy? Summary Questions for discussion Further reading

16 Public Policy and the Bureaucracy Preview Key issues THE POLICY PROCESS Theories of decision-making Stages in the policy process ROLE OF THE BUREAUCRACY Functions of bureaucracies Organization of the bureaucracy BUREAUCRATIC POWER: OUT OF CONTROL? Sources of bureaucratic power How can bureaucrats be controlled? Summary Questions for discussion Further reading

17 Multilevel Politics Preview Key issues POLITICS, TERRITORY AND MULTILEVEL GOVERNANCE SUBNATIONAL POLITICS Federal systems Unitary systems TRANSNATIONAL REGIONALISM

331 331 332 332 333 338 340 342 342 344 345 347 350 350 350

351 351 351 352 352 356 361 362 366 368 368 371 377 377 377

378 378 378 379 380 381 385 390

Regionalism: its nature and growth European regionalism Summary Questions for discussion Further reading

18 Security: Domestic and International Preview Key issues SECURITY BEYOND BOUNDARIES? DOMESTIC SECURITY The police and politics The military and domestic politics INTERNATIONAL SECURITY Approaches to international politics New security challenges Human security Summary Questions for discussion Further reading

19 World Order and Global Governance Preview Key issues TWENTY-FIRST-CENTURY WORLD ORDER The ‘new world order’ and its fate The ‘war on terror’ and beyond From unipolarity to multipolarity? GLOBAL GOVERNANCE Rise of global governance Global economic governance The United Nations An indispensable body? Summary Questions for discussion Further reading

20 A Crisis in Politics? Preview Key issues

390 392 398 398 398

399 399 399 400 401 401 405 407 408 413 418 420 420 420

421 421 421 422 422 424 427 432 432 434 437 441 442 442 442

443 443 443

CONTENTS POLITICS UNDER ASSAULT? Declining civic engagement? The politics of ‘anti-politics’ Explaining civic disengagement ASSESSING POLITICAL PERFORMANCE Material performance Citizenship performance

444 444 445 447 452 454 455

Democracy performance Summary Questions for discussion Further reading

Bibliography Index

xi 456 459 459 459

460 476

List of Illustrative Material

Can politics exist without ideology? Is the state a force for good? Is democracy always the best form of government? Are nations ‘natural’ political communities? Is global capitalism inherently unstable and crisis-prone? Does social equality matter? Does the wider use of new media enrich politics? Should voting be compulsory? Do parties breed discord and constrain political debate? Do interest groups enhance democracy? Is liberal democracy the ‘default position’ for human societies? Should personalized leadership always be feared? Are two legislative chambers better than one? Is the central purpose of law to protect freedom? Can civil servants ever be politically impartial? Should political decisions be made at the lowest possible level? Is peace and cooperation amongst states destined to remain elusive? Will China’s rise continue to be peaceful? Should political participation be widened and deepened whenever possible?

Politics in action The rise of Women’s Liberation: making politics personal? Fall of communism: the triumph of liberal democracy? Liberia: a failed state rebuilt? The Arab Spring: democracy comes to the Arab world? Canada: one nation or two? Market reform in China: a viable economic model? Muslims in the West: an internal clash of civilizations? WikiLeaks: speaking truth to power? Electoral reform in New Zealand: politics renewed? The African National Congress: a liberation movement or a ‘ruling’ party? The Occupy movement: a counter-hegemonic force? Turkey: between East and West? The UK prime minister: a president in all but name? Russia’s parliament: a ‘rubber-stamp’ assembly? Bush v Gore: the US Supreme Court substitutes itself for the electorate? The Japanese ‘economic miracle’: bureaucratic rule that works? The eurozone crisis: regionalism beyond its limits? Intervention in Libya: a responsibility to protect? Tackling climate change: doomed to failure? Italian government: technocracy displaces politics?

11 44 77 88 114 136 168 184 214 238 262 280 297 327 348 372 396

94 125 147 156 190 204 230 253 276 305 320 343 364 388 412 431 446

Focus on . . .

414 440

‘Faces’ of power The prisoners’ dilemma Politics and IR: two disciplines or one? Social-contract theory Why do revolutions occur? Direct democracy or representative democracy?

450

Debating . . . Should students of politics seek to be objective and politically neutral?

29 70

19 xii

9 17 25 62 85 92

L I S T O F I L L U S T R AT I V E M AT E R I A L Referendums: for or against? Electoral systems: single-member plurality (SMP) system (‘first past the post’) Electoral systems: second ballot system Electoral systems: alternative vote (AV) system; supplementary vote (SV) Electoral systems: mixed-member proportional (MMP) system; additional member system (AMS) Electoral systems: single-transferable-vote (STV) system Electoral systems: party-list system The left/right divide The iron law of oligarchy The monarchy debate Prime-ministerial government: a virtue or a vice? Cabinet government: advantages and disadvantages Committees: advantages and disadvantages Adversary politics: for or against? A codified constitution: strengths and weaknesses Open government: for or against? Quangos: advantages and disadvantages Regional economic blocs How the European Union works The ‘war on terror’ Humanitarian intervention Dimensions of global power Global economic governance How the United Nations works

201 208 209 210 211 212 213 225 232 292 296 298 322 324 335 362 368 392 393 401 423 428 436 438

Concepts Absolutism Administration Anti-Semitism Athenian democracy Authoritarianism Authority Autonomy Bill of rights Bureaucracy Capitalism Charisma Citizenship Civil disobedience Civil liberty Civil society

268 363 121 95 277 4 457 340 361 131 83 445 259 404 6

Class dealignment Coalition Collective security Colonialism Communism Communitarianism Confucianism Consensus Constitution Constitutionalism Constructivism Consumerism Convention Core executive Corporatism Corruption Crime Cult of personality Cultural nationalism Democratization Departmentalism Devolution Dictatorship Ecologism E-democracy Elitism Equality Ethnicity Ethnocentrism Executive Faction, factionalism Failed state Federalism Fordism, post-Fordism Freedom Free trade Fundamentalism Gender Geopolitics Global civil society Global governance Globalization Governance Government Heads of state Hegemony Human rights Human security Ideal type

xiii 218 239 411 122 275 176 278 8 332 337 16 159 333 299 251 365 402 302 111 272 371 390 281 51 186 102 454 160 355 285 223 76 382 154 339 437 53 163 379 106 432 142 74 266 286 174 342 418 20

xiv

L I S T O F I L L U S T R AT I V E M AT E R I A L

Ideology Imperialism Individualism Information society Interest group Interdependence Intergovernmentalism, supranationalism Internationalism Islamism Judicial review Laissez-faire Leadership Legitimacy Liberal democracy Lobby Mandate Mass media Ministerial responsibility Multiculturalism Multilateralism Multilevel governance Nation Nation-state Neoliberalism Neo-Marxism Neopluralism Neutrality New Left New public management Non-governmental organization Ombudsman Order Paradigm Parliamentary democracy Parliamentary government Parliamentary sovereignty Partisan dealignment Party democracy Party government Patriarchy Patriotism Plebiscitary democracy Pluralism Pluralist democracy Policy Policy network Political bias Political culture Political economy

28 427 158 157 247 433 395 117 165 347 132 300 81 270 257 200 179 373 167 435 380 109 124 144 64 63 345 261 367 248 374 400 22 98 310 336 217 231 236 65 118 93 100 101 352 358 183 172 129

Political equality Political participation Political party Political socialization Polyarchy Populism Postcolonialism Postmaterialism Postmodernism Power Presidential government Primary election Propaganda Proportional representation Public choice Public interest Race Racialism, racism Realism Regionalism Relativism Representation Responsibility Rule of law Science Separation of powers Social capital Social class Social market Social movement Sovereignty State, the Statism Status Superpower Sustainable development Terrorism Theocracy Third way Totalitarianism Tradition Transnational community Transnational corporations Trust Utilitarianism Utopia, utopianism War ‘Washington consensus’, the West, the

90 444 222 178 273 307 52 177 18 5 289 228 191 207 252 215 112 120 408 391 453 197 315 344 12 313 175 153 133 260 58 57 71 152 422 140 416 279 46 269 82 166 149 87 353 267 415 145 274

L I S T O F I L L U S T R AT I V E M AT E R I A L

Key ideas Liberalism Conservatism Socialism

32 35 39

Featured thinkers Hannah Arendt (1906–75) Aristotle (384–322 BCE) Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832) Isaiah Berlin (1909–97) Eduard Bernstein (1850–1932) Edmund Burke (1729–97) Noam Chomsky (born 1928) Robert Dahl (born 1915) Alexis de Tocqueville (1805–59) Jean Bethke Elshtain (born 1941) Betty Friedan (1921–2006) Milton Friedman (1912–2006) Francis Fukuyama (born 1952) John Kenneth Galbraith...