The Science of Footwear PDF

Preview

Summary

Human Factors and Ergonomics Series Editor Gavriel Salvendy Professor Emeritus Chair Professor & Head School of Industrial Engineering Dept. of Industrial Engineering Purdue University Tsinghua Univ., P.R. China Published TiTles Conceptual Foundations of Human Factors Measurement D. Meister Con...

Description

Human Factors and Ergonomics Series Editor

Gavriel Salvendy Professor Emeritus School of Industrial Engineering Purdue University

Chair Professor & Head Dept. of Industrial Engineering Tsinghua Univ., P.R. China

PUBLISHED TITLES Conceptual Foundations of Human Factors Measurement D. Meister Content Preparation Guidelines for the Web and Information Appliances: Cross-Cultural Comparisons H. Liao, Y. Guo, A. Savoy, and G. Salvendy Cross-Cultural Design for IT Products and Services P. Rau, T. Plocher and Y. Choong Designing for Accessibility: A Business Guide to Countering Design Exclusion S. Keates Handbook of Cognitive Task Design E. Hollnagel The Handbook of Data Mining N. Ye Handbook of Digital Human Modeling: Research for Applied Ergonomics and Human Factors Engineering V. G. Duffy Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics in Health Care and Patient Safety Second Edition P. Carayon Handbook of Human Factors in Web Design, Second Edition K. Vu and R. Proctor Handbook of Occupational Safety and Health D. Koradecka Handbook of Standards and Guidelines in Ergonomics and Human Factors W. Karwowski Handbook of Virtual Environments: Design, Implementation, and Applications K. Stanney Handbook of Warnings M. Wogalter Human–Computer Interaction: Designing for Diverse Users and Domains A. Sears and J. A. Jacko Human–Computer Interaction: Design Issues, Solutions, and Applications A. Sears and J. A. Jacko Human–Computer Interaction: Development Process A. Sears and J. A. Jacko The Human–Computer Interaction Handbook: Fundamentals Evolving Technologies, and Emerging Applications, Third Edition A. Sears and J. A. Jacko

PUBLISHED TITLES (CONTINUED) Human Factors in System Design, Development, and Testing D. Meister and T. Enderwick Introduction to Human Factors and Ergonomics for Engineers, Second Edition M. R. Lehto Macroergonomics: Theory, Methods and Applications H. Hendrick and B. Kleiner Practical Speech User Interface Design James R. Lewis The Science of Footwear R. S. Goonetilleke Skill Training in Multimodal Virtual Environments M. Bergamsco, B. Bardy, and D. Gopher Smart Clothing: Technology and Applications Gilsoo Cho Theories and Practice in Interaction Design S. Bagnara and G. Crampton-Smith The Universal Access Handbook C. Stephanidis Usability and Internationalization of Information Technology N. Aykin User Interfaces for All: Concepts, Methods, and Tools C. Stephanidis FORTHCOMING TITLES Around the Patient Bed: Human Factors and Safety in Health care Y. Donchin and D. Gopher Cognitive Neuroscience of Human Systems Work and Everyday Life C. Forsythe and H. Liao Computer-Aided Anthropometry for Research and Design K. M. Robinette Handbook of Human Factors in Air Transportation Systems S. Landry Handbook of Virtual Environments: Design, Implementation and Applications, Second Edition, K. S. Hale and K M. Stanney Variability in Human Performance T. Smith, R. Henning, and M. Wade

Ravindra S. Goonetilleke

MATLAB® is a trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. and is used with permission. The MathWorks does not warrant the accuracy of the text or exercises in this book. This book’s use or discussion of MATLAB® software or related products does not constitute endorsement or sponsorship by The MathWorks of a particular pedagogical approach or particular use of the MATLAB® software.

CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2013 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20121004 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-3569-2 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright. com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com

To the memory of my parents, Reggie and Catherine Goonetilleke

Contents Preface.................................................................................................................... xiii Acknowledgments .................................................................................................... xv Editor .....................................................................................................................xvii Contributors ............................................................................................................xix

PART I

The Human Foot

Chapter 1

Foot Structure and Anatomy ................................................................ 3 Ma Xiao, Yan Luximon, and Ameersing Luximon

Chapter 2

Foot Morphology ................................................................................ 19 Inga Krauss and Marlene Mauch

Chapter 3

Foot Characteristics and Related Empirical Models.......................... 47 Shuping Xiong, Asanka S. Rodrigo, and Ravindra S. Goonetilleke

Chapter 4

Foot Posture Index and Its Implications for Footwear Selection ....... 79 Anthony C. Redmond

PART II Scanning and Processing Chapter 5

3D Shape Capture of Human Feet and Shoe Lasts .......................... 113 Carl G. Saunders and Jeffrey Chang

Chapter 6

3D Surface Scanning ........................................................................ 127 Sudhakar Rajulu and Brian D. Corner

Chapter 7

Three-Dimensional Data Processing Techniques ............................ 147 Jianhui Zhao, Yihua Ding, and Ravindra S. Goonetilleke

ix

x

Contents

PART III Footwear Design Chapter 8

Capturing Footwear Needs for Delighting Customers..................... 177 Emily Y.L. Au and Ravindra S. Goonetilleke

Chapter 9

Shoe-Last Design and Development ................................................ 193 Ameersing Luximon and Yan Luximon

Chapter 10 Computer-Aided Design of Footwear .............................................. 213 Ajay Joneja and Fan Sai Kit Chapter 11 High-Heeled Shoes ........................................................................... 261 Makiko Kouchi Chapter 12 Footbed Design ................................................................................ 279 Ravindra S. Goonetilleke and Thilina W. Weerasinghe Chapter 13 Design of Insoles .............................................................................. 291 Tammy M. Owings and Georgeanne Botek Chapter 14 Design of Custom Shoe Lasts for Challenging Feet ........................309 Carl G. Saunders, Claudia Kieserling, and Johan Steenwyk Chapter 15 Finite Element Analysis Methods in Footwear Design.................... 321 Philip Azariadis Chapter 16 Footwear—The Forgotten Treatment—Clinical Role of Footwear ................................................................................. 341 Helen Branthwaite, Nachiappan Chockalingam, and Aoife Healy

PART IV Testing Chapter 17 Foot Pressure Measurements............................................................ 359 Ewald M. Hennig

xi

Contents

Chapter 18 Plantar Pressure Analysis ................................................................. 377 Noël Keijsers Chapter 19 Virtual Shoe Test Bed ......................................................................409 Sandra Alemany, José Olaso, Sergio Puigcerver, and Juan Carlos González Chapter 20 Measuring the Motion Control Properties of Footwear: Assessment of Footwear and Foot Function Should Be Harmonized ...................................................................................... 437 Stephen Urry, Lloyd Reed, and William Gordon

PART V

Footwear Effects

Chapter 21 Footwear Effects on Running Kinematics ....................................... 457 Joseph Hamill, Allison H. Gruber, and Ross H. Miller Chapter 22 Footwear Inluences on Running Biomechanics .............................. 475 Gordon A. Valiant, Allison R. Medellin, Lorilynn Bloomer, and Sharna M. Clark-Donovan Chapter 23 Effects of Footwear on Muscle Function ......................................... 489 George S. Murley and Karl Landorf Chapter 24 Postural Stability Measurement: Implications for Footwear Interventions ..................................................................................... 513 Anna Lucy Hatton and Keith Rome Chapter 25 Footwear, Balance, and Falls in the Elderly..................................... 535 Jasmine C. Menant and Stephen R. Lord

PART VI

Activity-Specific Footwear

Chapter 26 Soccer Shoe Design and Its Inluence on Player’s Performance ...... 561 Ewald M. Hennig and Katharina Althoff

xii

Contents

Chapter 27 Footwear for Preventing Acute Sport-Related Ankle Ligamentous Sprain Injury............................................................... 577 Daniel Tik-Pui Fong, Kai-Ming Chan, and Kam-Ming Mok Chapter 28 Kinematics Analysis of Walking with Negative-Heeled Shoes on Treadmills ................................................................................... 595 Youlian Hong and Jing Xian Li Chapter 29 Athletic Footwear Research by Industry and Academia..................605 Thorsten Sterzing, Wing Kai Lam, and Jason Tak-Man Cheung

PART VII Customization Chapter 30 Mass Customization and Footwear .................................................. 625 Chenjie Wang and Mitchell M. Tseng Chapter 31 Strategic Capabilities to Implement Mass Customization of Athletic Footwear: The Example of Miadidas............................. 643 Frank Piller, Evalotte Lindgens, and Frank Steiner Chapter 32 selve Model: Custom Shoes in the Twenty-First Century ................ 663 Claudia Kieserling Chapter 33 Footwear Customization for Manufacturing Sustainability ............ 673 Claudio R. Boër and Paolo Pedrazzoli Index ...................................................................................................................... 689

Preface The global footwear market in 2011 was $241,294.3 million, and it grew by 5% from the year before. In the next ive years, the footwear market is expected to grow by 29% (MarketLine, 2012) with most footwear manufactured in South-East Asia. Footwear suppliers have maintained their position in the market by differentiating the products, by offering specialized items, and by manufacturing high-end designer footwear, all of which require careful thought and research. All footwear go through the same process — from eliciting market needs to design, from manufacture to testing, and inally to market even though how each aspect is executed changes every day. Footwear-related information and research are spread across different disciplines. I have focused on bringing together high-quality contributions from designers, biomechanists, ergonomists, engineers, podiatrists, and scientists from industry and academia into one book. The differing perspectives give a holistic view of the science behind footwear. The book contains very useful data from past research and the state-of-the-art methodologies that are now used in the design and manufacture of footwear. The irst four chapters are related to the foot. Feet among people are quite varied, and knowing the various characteristics helps with the design as well as the selection of footwear. In the early days, lasts were made using simple measurements taken from people’s feet. Even today, foot length is the common measurement to determine the size of a shoe that one can wear. With improvements in technology, we now have sophisticated devices that can give the complete three-dimensional shape of an object. These scanning technologies are ideal for determining the shapes and sizes of feet and for matching the it for shoes and feet using differing algorithms and techniques. The three chapters on scanning and processing give a very broad view of the various processes and highlight the challenges of using the scanning technologies. Even though shoes were primarily “carved” by artisans, modern-day shoemaking uses various technologies so that multiples of the same product can be made reliably knowing the basic needs of the consumers. The use of computers, scanners, numerically controlled machines, and rapid prototyping machines is quite common in footwear manufacture. The chapters on design provide an exclusive coverage of these computer-aided technologies. A number of chapters outline the design aspects of the various components of a shoe from mass manufacturing to personalized shoes and components. Footwear testing may be performed in vivo or in vitro. Both types have been covered. Footwear is meant to enhance safety, improve performance, and reduce stress on the human body. However, not all footwear can make a positive impact on a person, and some could be detrimental, if not carefully selected. The various effects of footwear are highlighted, and many chapters discuss activity-speciic footwear as well. In today’s world, high variability, injury, or being “outsized” often makes one search for a more personalized and customized product. The last few chapters discuss the issues of customization with a view to minimizing waste, enhancing overall performance, and delighting customers. xiii

xiv

Preface

The igures in the book are all in black and white. Color igures are on the CRC website related to the book, Science of Footwear. Each chapter in the book has excellent content, written by an expert. Anyone interested in footwear has all the information he or she needs, from eliciting customer needs to testing footwear. The book will undoubtedly be useful to academicians, practitioners, designers, researchers, and all others working in the area of footwear who strive to incorporate the biomechanical and ergonomics principles into footwear to enhance performance, safety, and comfort and to reduce injury.

REFERENCE MarketLine. Global Footwear. London, U.K., February 2012.

Ravindra S. Goonetilleke Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong MATLAB® is a registered trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. For product information, please contact: The MathWorks, Inc. 3 Apple Hill Drive Natick, MA, 01760-2098 USA Tel: 508-647-7000 Fax: 508-647-7001 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.mathworks.com

Acknowledgments I would like to express my sincere appreciation to the many people who were directly and indirectly involved with this book. First and foremost, I am very grateful to Professor Gavriel Salvendy for inviting me to edit this book. His unending perseverance and support made this work possible. Special thanks to my wife, Sharmala, and children, Reshanga, Shehani, and Eshani, for their patience, support, and encouragement throughout the development process. The editorial work took quite some time, and their question, “Still not inished?” gave me the motivation to complete the work a little more quickly. It is unfortunate that neither of my parents were able to see this work. Their love, guidance, encouragement, and unending support were truly amazing and a source of strength. They were always there when I needed them—every day, all the time. I have learnt very much from my sister, Nirmala, and my brothers, Gamini and Anslem, and their advice is truly valued. I thank my academic advisor, Professor Colin Drury, for his mentoring; Professor Mitchel M. Tseng, our former department head, for recruiting me to the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology and for supporting my research; our present head, Professor Fugee Tsung, for approving my sabbatical leave during which most of the editorial work was completed; and Professors Uwe Reischl and Sarah Toevs, for hosting my sabbatical leave. Much of my research would not have been possible without the assistance of my colleagues in the Department of Industrial Engineering and Logistics Management, and past and present students. Most importantly, this book would not have been a reality without the high-quality work of colleagues and friends. It has been a wonderful experience, and I value this opportunity to compile the outstanding work of all the authors. I apologize and thank all those whose names I may have inadvertently missed.

xv

Editor Ravindra S. Goonetilleke is a professor in the Department of Industrial Engineering and Logistics Management at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. He has been actively involved in footwear research in the United States, Hong Kong, and China for over 20 years. He was a project manager and consultant at the Biomechanics Corporation of America and the human factors manager at the Nike Sport Research Laboratory. He set up a fully operational state-of-the-art footwear research laboratory in Wenzhou for the Zhejiang Advanced Manufacturing Institute. He has numerous patents, has worked with local and international footwear companies, and is an active researcher in the ield with many publications. His primary research interests are mathematical modeling in human factors and ergonomics and the development of culture- and user-friendly products and systems.

xvii

Contributors Sandra Alemany R&D Area Instituto de Biomecánica de Valencia Valencia, Spain Katharina Althoff Biomechanics Laboratory Institute for Sports and Movement Sciences University Duisburg-Essen Essen, Germany Emily Y.L. Au Human Performance Laboratory Department of Industrial Engineering and Logistics Management Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong Philip Azariadis Department of Product and Systems Design Engineering University of the Aegean Ermoupolis, Syros, Greece Lorilynn Bloomer Nike Sports Research Lab Nike, Inc. Beaverton, Oregon Claudio R. Boër Institute of Computer Integrated Manufacturing for Sustainable Innovation University of Applied Science of Southern Switzerland Manno, Switzerland

Georgeanne Botek Orthopaedic and Rheumatologic Institute Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio Helen Branthwaite Faculty of Health Centre for Sport, Health and Exercise Research Staffordshire University Stoke on Trent, United Kingdom Kai-Ming Chan Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology Prince of Wales Hospital and Faculty of Medicine The Chinese University of Hong Kong Sha Tin, New Territories, Hong Kong Jeffrey Chang Vorum Research Corporation Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Jason Tak-Man Cheung Li Ning Sports Science Research Cente...