THEO 202 Notes - Ronnie Campbell PDF

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Ronnie Campbell...

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THEO 202 Hamartiology  

The Fall of Humanity

Argument for the historical Adam o

No break in the historical narrative 



Toledot formula (genealogy formula)

o

Adam is included in genealogies (1 Chronicles 1:1, Luke 3:37)

o

Paul considers Adam to be a historical figure

o

Paul makes parallels between Adam and Jesus

Denial of historical Adam o

Paul is erring theologically

o

Breaks down the parallel between Adam and Christ

o

Jesus is in error 

Refers to God creating male and female

 

Original Sin



"original" or "inherited" sin



It is called "original" since it refers to that sinful state that Adam passed on to all of humanity



"that sinful state into which all people are born" (Ryrie, BT, 252)



Catholics and Protestants hold to Original Sin



Orthodox Church does not hold to Original Sin o

Sin entered the world through Adam

o

Sin was not passed on by Adam



All three groups essentially hold to the historical Adam



Three Views





o

Pelagianism

o

Arminianism

o

Reformed

Total Depravity o

Does not mean that a person is as evil as he or she could be or that a person commits every form of sin possible

o

Sin effects every part of our being, emotion, intellect, and will, our faculties are disordered and compromised

o

Humans choose self to God

o

Humans are incapable of saving themselves

Effects of Sin o

Physical death (Gen 2:17, 3:19 - the body is separated from the soul

o

Spiritual death - separation of the soul from God

o

Eternal death - the culmination and completion of spiritual death, eternal spiritual death

o

Sin has affected every part of the human person and every sphere of human contact - ecologically, governmentally, socially, and economically

o

All that God created was good 

2

Sin is the corruption of God's good world

o

When the Bible uses the word "world" in relation to sin it means "the antithesis of creational goodness" (Wolters, CR, 64)

o

We should ask not whether something God created is "good" or "bad"; rather, we should ask: "how is this thing God created being directed"? How has sin corrupted it?

o

We can make a distinction between something's "structure" and its "direction"

Soteriology 

Definition o





soteria (salvation, deliverance)



logos (word or discourse on)

o

Area of Christian theology that studies nature, means, and application of salvation

o

Includes the study of such areas as the deliverance from the power and punishment of sin, regeneration, restoration, reconciliation, and the various dimensions of salvation (justification, sanctification, and glorification)

Motives for salvation o



Greek

The fall resulted in broken relationships between 

God and humanity



Human to human



Humanity and nature

o

God seeks to restore and reconcile fallen humanity to Himself, one another, and with His good creation

o

Salvation is God's greatest demonstration of love (John 3:16, Romans 5:8)

o

Salvation demonstrates God's grace to us (Ephesians 2:6-7)

Nature of Salvation o

Perspectives on salvation 

Liberal theology 

3

Offshoot of the Enlightenment









Denies supernaturalism, miracles, and biblical authority



Salvation is "evolutionary" and "optimistic," found in human progress

Liberationist theologies 

Black, Asian, Indian, and Latin theologies



Feminist theologies



Eco-theologies



Combination: eco-feminist theologies



Salvation is deliverance form oppression

Neo-Orthodox theology 

Karl Barth, Emil Brunner



Influenced by Soren Kierkegaard's existentialism and reformed theology



Broke away from German liberal theology, recognizing the Bible as the Word of God



Barth's divine "no" and divine "yes"



All of humanity is elect "in Christ" (universalism)



Salvation truly is a work of God

Roman Catholic View 

The visible church mediates salvation



Christ's benefits are administered through sacraments



Baptism 1. Remits original sin 2. Imparts sanctifying grace 3. Unites the person of Christ

4

o



Blurs justification and sanctification



Salvation can be lost, leaving assurance as impossible



Most people go through purgatory - process of purification



Salvation is synergistic (grace and works)

Biblical View of Salvation 

Key passages - prophecy fulfilled, God graciously gave salvation through faith 

1 Corinthians 15:1-4, Romans 1:1-4,16-17



Genesis 12:1-3, 15:6, Hebrews 11:8-9, Romans 4, Galatians 3:6-9 1. Promise, obedience, and a future



Isaiah 53



Romans 8



Romans 9



Ephesians 2:8-9, Galatians 2:16 1. We are saved by our faith through Christ not by our own works 2. We are not justified by works but by faith



James 2:15-17 1. Faith not accompanied by actions is dead 2. Faith without works is nothing



Matthew 28:18-20 1. The Great Commission 

5

Go and make disciples





Baptizing them in the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit



God is with us until the end of the age



The only way to heaven is through Jesus

Key Terms 

Salvation - to be "delivered" 1. Often includes ideas such as liberation, emancipation, preservation, protection, and security



Gospel 1. The deity, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ (1 Cor 15:1-8) 2. Free gift by grace through faith, not works (Eph 2:8-9, 2 Tim 1:8-10) 3. Promise of inheritance (1 Pet 1:3-6) 4. Comes from the Greek word euangelion, meaning "good news"

6



Redemption - that act whereby God "buy back," "ransoms," or "sets free" sinners from sin through Christ's death on the cross



Reconciliation - that act whereby God brings sinner, despite their alienation, back into right relationship with Himself, making peace through the work of Christ's shed blood on the cross (Col 1:19-22)



Atonement - that act whereby Christ paid the price due because of sin (Rom 3:25-26, 6:23, Gal 3:13)



Propitiation - the turning away of God's wrath through the atoning work of Christ (1 Jn 2:2, 4:10, Heb 2:17)



Regeneration - refers to that area of Christian salvation, whereby God gives new life to a believer, that is, they are "born again" (Jn 3:3, 5, 7, 1 Pet 1:3)



Adoption - believers are brought into the family of God (Jn 1:12, Rom 8:17) 1. Results in:





A godly nature (Gal 4:6)



Equal rights to all believers as heirs (Gal 4:7)



Fellowship with God (2 Cor 6:17-18)

Moment of Faith 

Leads to Justification and Adoption 1. Leads to Forgiveness of sin 

Leads to Regeneration 

o

Leads to Positional sanctification

Dimensions of Salvation 

Justification 

Saved from the penalty of sin



Declared righteous by God



Saved by grace through faith, not works of the law



Offer is made to everyone



Occurs once



Key passages 1. Jn 3:16, Rom 3:9-31, 1 Cor 1:11, 6:11, Gal 3:114, Eph 2:6-10, Rev 22:17



7

A declaration by God, who is righteous, concerning the person who turns to Christ in faith





Justification to forgiveness of sins to application of Christ's righteousness

Sanctification 

Saved from the power of sin



Sanctify means to "set apart"



Process of growth and maturity



Believers are empowered to live a life of righteousness and holiness through the indwelling Spirit



Key passages 1. Jn 10:10, 1 Cor 1:2, 6:11, Phil 2:12, 2 Pet 1:5-9



Three aspects 1. Positional - closely connected to justification and regeneration 

Received at the moment of faith



It is a one-time act through the work of the Holy Spirit in the life of the believer



In reference to all who are save (1 Cor 1:2)

2. Progressive - the process of our salvation 

Movement to holiness through empowering work of the HS



God's given us everything we need to live holy lies (Eph 1:18-21, 2 Pet 1:5-9)



Continual progress towards a life of holiness

3. Final - bodily resurrection and glorification

8





The good work God began in in us will ultimately be completed



No longer capable of sinning

Glorification 

Saved from the presence of sin



Believers will receive resurrected bodies



No longer capable of sinning, yet they maintain freedom of the will



Key Passages 1. Mt 16:24-27, 1 Cor 4:5, 2 Cor 5:10, Col 3:23-25, Rev 3:21, 22:12 

o

Ransom Theory 

Irenaeus of Lyons (c. 130 - c. 200) 



Anselm of Canterbury (c. 1033-1109) 

Because of sin, humans have an obligation to offer infinite satisfaction to God



Only the Godman can offer infinite satisfaction for our sin, obtaining forgiveness on our behalf

Moral Influence Theory 

Peter Aberlard (c. 1079-1142) 

9

"Fish-hook" or "mousetrap" version

Satisfaction theory 

o

Christ's death is regarded as a ransom, liberating humanity from Satan's captivity

Rufinus of Aquileia 

o

Theories of Atonement

Critiqued Anselm's Satisfaction theory



o

Chief outcome of Christ's death was a demonstration of God's love to humanity

Example Theory 

Socinians (Polish Brethren 16th and 17th century) 

God would have forgiven sin apart from Christ's death 1. Death was unnecessary 2. Christ is an example 3. Faith and obedience bring eternal life, not through the death of Christ

o

Christus Victor Theory 

Martin Luther (1483-1546) and Gustaf Aulen (1879-1978) 

o

Penal Substitution Theory 

o

John Calvin and J.I. Packer 

Christ, who is sinless, took upon Himself the penalty of sin and death for lost humanity



Christ's death was a "substitution" and "vicarious"

Biblical Data on Atonement 

Often uses more than one metaphor



More than one theory 

10

"Christ - Christus Victor - fights against and triumphs over the evil powers of the world, the 'tyrants' under which mankind is in bondage and suffering, and in Him God reconciles the world to Himself" (Aulen)

Ransom and Christus Victor



Penal Substitution is the glue that holds the theories together says Packer



Punishment for sin



Vengeance from God



God's wrath and judgement



Destruction and death due to sin



Christ's sacrifice for sin



Christ as a curse on our behalf



Redemption and ransom



Reconciliation and forgiveness 

o

Calvinism (TULIP) 



Total Depravity 

every facet of the human has been marred by sin



A person is incapable of receiving or moving toward God apart from supernatural working by the Holy Spirit

Unconditional Election 





No believer can resist God's grace and His call into salvation

Perseverance of the Saints 

11

Only applies to those who are elected and unavailable to those not elected

Irresistible Grace 



God does not elect us based on our merit but chooses us on the basis of His will

Limited Atonement 

o

Salvation and Sovereignty

Those whom God elects will persevere in their faith until the end

Arminianism (DAISY)





Diminished Depravity 

Every facet of the human is marred by sin



People can respond freely to God because of God's prevenient grace

Abrogated Election 







Impersonal Atonement 

Not applied to all



Available to all

Sedentary Grace 

Call is for all



Not irresistible



Can be freely rejected

Yieldable Justification 

o

A genuine believer can willfully apostatize from the faith, forfeiting one's salvation

Molinism (ROSES) 

Radical Depravity 





Every aspect of our being has been affected by the fall and that we cannot save ourselves

Overcoming Grace 

12

God bases His election on His foreknowledge on whether a person will freely choose Him

God's persistent beckoning overcomes a person's wicked condition but never against their will

Sovereign Election 

God chooses but we do have freedom



Based on God's choosing us





Eternal Life 

We cannot lose our salvation



Given new life until the end

Singular Redemption 

Only sufficient for those who believe



His death is sufficient for everyone



Only for those who believe 

o

Natural 

o

could happen

Middle 

o

Knowledge

would happen

Free 

will happen

Ecclesiology 

Definition o

Greek 

Church, assembly, congregation 



What is the church and what is its purpose? What do people in culture think about the church?



Nature and Meaning o

Key Passages about the church 

13

A group that meets together for various political, religious, and civic purposes

Matthew 16:18, 18:17







Powerful, grounded, stronger than evil, God uses people to build it, built through the foundation of the apostles and prophets



Biblical confrontation, the church should act in unison and be in unity

Acts 2:42-47, 9:31, 12:10-17, 13:1, 14:23, 15:22, 20:17 and 28 

Togetherness and unity, Churches often met in homes



The holy spirit brings comfort and peace while a church is being built, there is only one Church, Churches often met in homes



Employees of church are prophets and staff



Leadership is fully committed to the Lord and is appointed through prayer and fasting, there are many churches divided by geographical regions, geographical churches contained "prophets," "teachers," "elders," "overseers," "deacons," "evangelists," and "pastors"



Elders are in the church



the church should act in unison and be in unity, there are levels of leadership (apostles and elders) yet the church acts in unity

Romans 16:3-5 





14

Churches often met in homes

1 Corinthians 12:28, 16:19 

Different roles and jobs are given



Churches often met in homes

Ephesians 2:19-22, 4:3-6, 5:23-29





No strangers, Christ our cornerstone, built through the foundation of the apostles and prophets



Relationship between Christ and the church is the same as the husband and wife, the church should act in unison and be in unity, there is only one church



Christ is its head

Colossians 1:18, 4:15 

Christ is its head



Churches often met in homes



Revelation 1:4, 11



Philemon 2 



Gifts are given to believers for the building up or edification of the body 

o

(1 Corinthians 1:1-11, Ephesians 4:11-16)

Biblical Images 





Body of Christ 

Ephesians 1:3, 26, 3:10



1 Corinthians 12:12-31

Bride of Christ 

Ephesians 5:25-26, 32



Revelation 19:7-8, 21:2

Flock of God 



15

Churches often met in homes

1 Peter 5:2

People of God 

2 Corinthians 6:16



Romans 9:24-26





o

Temple of the Holy Spirit 

1 Corinthians 3:16-17, 6:15-20



2 Corinthians 6:14-18



Ephesians 2:21-22



1 Peter 2:5

Family of God (brothers and sisters) 

Acts 6:3, 11:29, 12:17



Romans 1:13, 7:1, 4, 8:12, 29, 10:1, 11:25



1 Corinthians 1:10, 11, 26; 2:1

Two Senses 

Universal 

Con...