Theoretical Foundations OF Nursing Summary PDF

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Definition of Terms Definition Composed of various descriptions which conveys a general meaning and reduces the vagueness in understanding a set of concepts. Knowledge Awareness of reality one acquires through learning or investigation.  Each individual build up his/her own knowledge based in relation to his/her personality Science A body of knowledge  It involves observing, identifying, describing, investigating, and explaining events and occurrences that are perceived in this world. Philosophy Type of knowledge deals with wisdom, fundamental, knowledge, and the processes we use to develop and construct our perceptions of life.  Provides a viewpoint and implies a system of values and beliefs.  Forms the basis for providing nursing care acquired through the process of education and practice.

Assumptions A statement that specifies the relationship or connection of factual concepts or phenomena Conceptual Models  A set of highly abstract, related constructs that broadly explains the phenomena of interest, expresses assumptions, and reflects philosophical stance.  A group of concepts that follow and understandable pattern.  Concepts are thought of as bricks and boards used to build a house, with the conceptual framework/model as the blue print. Theory Composed of a group of concepts that describe a pattern of reality.  A statement that explains or characterizes a process, an occurrence, or an event, and is based on observed facts.  Theories can be tested, changed, or used to guide research or to provide a base for evaluation.

Phenomenon Aspect of reality that can be consciously sensed or experienced.  Within a specific discipline, phenomena are part of the domain of the discipline.  In nursing, phenomena reflect the domain of nursing practice. Concept Mental formulations of an object or event that comes from an individual perceptual experience  And idea or complex mental image of a phenomena (could be abstract or concrete)  Building blocks of theories Common Examples of concept in relation to healthcare

 Independence  Self-care  Caring

Nursing Theory A conceptualization of some aspect of nursing communicated for the purpose of describing, explaining, predicting, and/or prescribing nursing care. (Meleis, 1997)  Nursing theories provide nurses with a perspective to view client situations, a way to organize data, and a method to analyze and interpret information.  Attempts to describe or explain the phenomenon (process, occurrence, or event) called nursing. (Barnum, 1998)

SAMPLE NURSING THEORIES Florence Nightingale  Environmental Theory Hildegard Peplau  Interpersonal Relationship in Nursing Virginia Henderson  The Nature of Nursing Joyce Travelbee  Interpersonal Aspect of Nursing “The meaning of suffering”

 The GOAL of nursing care  The degree of wellness or well-being that the client experiences  Dynamic and continuously changing “A dynamic state of being in which the developmental and behavioral potential of the individual is realized to the fullest extent possible.” (Ana, 1995) 3. ENVIRONMENT Internal and external surroundings that affect the person.  There is a continuous interaction between the client and the environment.

MetaparadigmGreek origin: meta “with” ; paradigm “pattern”  The unifying force in discipline that names the phenomena of concern to that discipline.  Nursing, Person, Environment, Health

Purposes of Nursing Theory  The purpose of integrating nursing frameworks into the curriculum is to make the central themes of the profession (nursing) tangible and for it to be at par with other profession.  Nursing theoretical frameworks and philosophical assumptions serve as the basis for conducting research.  It is through research that these frameworks are given life by utilizing them to prove a certain point. CLINICAL PRACTICE To strengthen a particular theory, they are being applied in the clinical setting.  The primary contribution of such is to facilitate reflection, questioning, and thinking about what the nurse must do.  The application of nursing theories pave way to evidence-based practice, which ultimately provides an invaluable service, not only to nurses, but to the institution as well.

NURSING IDENTIFIED ITS DOMAIN IN A PARADIGM THAT INCLUDES FOUR LINKAGES: 1. PERSON The recipient of nursing care.  It is important to know that a person is multidimensional, thus care provided is individualized according to the needs of the patient. 2. HEALTH-

CATEGORIES OF THEORY 1. 2. 3. 4.

Philosophy or Metatheory Grand Theory Middle-Range Theory Practice Theory

 Environmental factors attain significance when one considers that sanitation in the hospitals of the mid 1800’s were extremely poor and that women working in the hospital were often unreliable, uneducated, and incompetent to care for the ill.  Stressed the importance of keeping the client warm, maintaining a noise-free environment , and attending to the client’s diet in terms of assessing intake, timeliness of the food and its effect to the person.

Philosophy (Metatheory) Contributions of her theory  It specifies the definitions of the metaparadigm concepts in each of the conceptual model e.g. Nightingale’s theory

 Set the stage for further work in the development of nursing theories.  General concepts about ventilation, cleanliness, quiet, warmth, and diet remain integral parts of nursing and health care today.

Nightingale’s Theory Person  The recipient of nursing care and a giver of care. Health  Linked to five environmental factors Nursing  “Act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery” 1.Pure or fresh air 2.Pure water 3.Efficient drainage 4.Cleanliness 5.Light, especially direct sunlight

Grand Theory  It composed of concepts representing global and extremely complex phenomena.  It has broadest in scope.  It provides an overall framework for structuring broad, abstract ideas. (Fawcett,2000)  Takes priority over understanding the social actuality or the social concern/social sciences. Psychological , economic, political, or religious components. Dorothy Johnson- Behavioral Systems Model  The major premise of this model is that the seven subsystems (domains) are interactive, interdependent, and integrated. (follows domino effect) Imogene King- Goal Attainment Theory

Florence Nightingale (Lady with the Lamp)  Founder of Modern Nursing  British Nurse and social reformer  Nurse on the Crimean war were the foundations in her views about environmental sanitation Overview of Nightingale’s Life

 It includes 3 interacting systems with each system having its own distinct group of concepts and characteristics.  3 systems include personal systems, interpersonal systems, and social systems.  King’s basic assumption maintained that nursing is a process that involves caring for human beings with health being the ultimate goal.  Theory focuses on creating a positive behavior that can both be adopted by the

nurse and the client, for them to achieve goals, established by the client with the help of the nurse.

Sister Callista Roy- Adaptation Model  The major concepts are the person or group as an adaptive system; the environment as internal and external stimuli; health as being and becoming whole and integrated; and nursing as the art and science of promoting adaptation. Middle-Range Theories  It is a theory that addresses more concrete and more narrowly defined phenomena  It focuses descriptions, explanations and predictions put forth in a middle-range theory  It provides a perspective to view complex situations and a direction for interventions. Hildegard Peplau  Interpersonal Process Peplau’s Interpersonal Relationship 4 Phases of the Relationship:  Orientation- In which the person and the nurse mutually identify the person’s problem;  Identification- In which the person identifies with the nurse, thereby accepting help;  Exploitation- In which a person makes use of the nurse’s help;  Resolution- In which the person accepts new goals and frees herself or himself from the relationship. Joyce Travelbee- Interpersonal Aspects of Nursing  A human to human relationship is primarily an experience or series of experience between a nurse and the patient. Practice Theory

 It explains modalities of practice.  It cover particular elements of a specialty e.g. obstetric nursing  It describes specific elements of nursing care e.g. dying, cancer pain relief....