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THEORIST 1 F R E U D KEY CONCEPTS Levels of mental life Unconscious Psychoanalysis o Phylogenetic endowment Preconscious Conscious Provinces of the mind Id (Pleasure) Ego (Balance) PSYCHOTHERAPY Application of psychoanalytic theory Early Therapeutic Technique later therapeutic technique Dream analys...

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THEORIST

KEY CONCEPTS

PSYCHOTHERAPY

1.Sigmund F R E U D

Levels of mental life

Application of psychoanalytic theory

Unconscious Psychoanalysis

Freud’s Early Therapeutic Technique

o Phylogenetic endowment Preconscious

Freud’s later therapeutic technique

Conscious Provinces of the mind

Dream analysis

Id - (Pleasure) Freudian Slips

Ego (Balance) Superego (Perfection) Dynamics of personality Drives Sex Aggression Anxiety Defense mechanism Repression Denial Undoing Reaction formation Fixation Regression Introjection Projection Displacement Sublimation Intellectualization Rationalization Stages of development 1. Infantile period Phase)

(Oral phase, Anal phase, Phallic

* Male Oedipus Complex *Castration complex ---Castration Anxiety * Female Oedipus Complex *Penis envy 2. Latency Period 3. Genital period 4. Maturity 2. Alfred ADL E R Individual Psychology

FINAL STATEMENT OF INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY 1.

The one dynamic force behind people’s behavior is the striving for success or superiority.

The Adlerian theory suggests that psychopathology, a mental or behavioral disorder, results from lack of courage,

2.

People’s subjective perceptions shape their behavior and personality

3.

Personality is unified and self-consistent.

4. 5. 6.

The value of all human activity must be seen from the viewpoint of social interest. Personality is unified and self-consistent. The value of all human activity must be seen from the viewpoint of social interest.

WHAT DISTINGUISHES THIS THEORY FROM ALL OTHER THEORIES? 1.

exaggerated feelings of inferiority, and underdeveloped social interest. 

Enhance one’s courage



Lessen feelings of inferiority



Encourage social interest

“Everybody

can

accomplish

everything.”

(With

the

exception set by heredity.) What people do with what they have is more important than what they have.

Behavior is goal oriented – PURPOSIVENESS

Alfred ADLER

Adler believed that a warm, nurturing attitude by the 2.

Individual Psychology 3.

Humans are fundamentally social, with a desire to belong and having a place of value as an equal human being – SOCIAL INTEREST And the individual is indivisible and functions with unity of personality – HOLISM

People are motivated by mostly social influences and by their striving for superiority or success.

therapist would help the patient to expand their social interest to each of the three problems of life: 

Sexual love



Friendship



Occupation

STRUCTURE AGGRESSION MASCULINE PROTEST

Adler innovated a method of therapy with problem children by treating them in front of an audience of parents, teachers, and health professionals.

STRIVING FOR SUPERIORITY STRIVING FOR SUCCESS DEVELOPMENT

Adler didn’t blame the parents for a child’s misbehavior he

CREATIVE POWER

instead worked to win the parent’s confidence and to

STYLE OF LIFE The tennets of Adlerian theory: 1. The one dynamic force behind people’s behavior is the striving for success or superiority. *STRIVING FORCE AS COMPENSATION 1. Striving for Personal Superiority 2. Striving for Success 2. People’s subjective perceptions shape their behavior and personality.

persuade them to change their attitudes toward the child.

*FICTIONALISM TELEOLOGY An explanation of behavior in terms of its final purpose or aim

CAUSALITY Behavior as springing from a specific cause.

*PHYSICAL INFERIORITIES 3. Personality is unified and self-consistent. *ORGAN DIALECT * Unconscious *Conscious Alfred ADLER 4. Individual Psychology

The value of all human activity must be seen from the viewpoint of social interest. *Social Interest * GEMEINSCHAFTSGEFUHL * IDEAL MOTHER * IDEAL FATHER

5. The self-consistent personality structure develops into a person’s style of life. STYLE OF LIFE --> Psychologically unhealthy individuals --->Psychologically healthy individuals 3 major problems in life 1. Neighborly love 2. Sexual love 3. Occupation 6. Style of life is molded by people’s creative power. *Creative power *FREE INDIVIDUAL *THREE CONTRIBUTING FACTORS WHICH CAN LEAD TO ABNORMALITY:  Exaggerated Physical Deficiencies  Pampered Style of Life  Neglected Style of life SAFEGUARDING TENDENCIES: 1. EXCUSES 2. AGGRESSION a) DEPRECIATION b) ACCUSATION c) SELF-ACCUSATION 3. WITHDRAWAL

a) b) c) d)

MOVING BACKWARD STANDING STILL HESITATING CONSTRUCTING OBSTACLES 4 basic approaches to therapy representing developmental stages in the history of psychotherapy

LEVELS OF THE PSYCHE 1. PSYCHE 2. Conscious 3. Personal Unconscious i. Complexes 4. Collective Unconscious i. Archetypes ARCHETYPES Instincts – distinguished Persona; Shadow ; Anima; Animus; Wise Old Man; Hero; Self 3.Carl JUNG Analytical Psychology

1. CONFESSION Effective for patients who merely have a need to share their secrets. 2. INTERPRETATION, ELUCIDATION Great Mother;

Development  Childhood – Early morning sun  Anarchic Phase  Monarchic Phase  Dualistic Phase   

4

Youth – MorninG sun | puberty – middle life Middle life – Afternoon sun | 35-40 yo Old age – evening sun | goal of life

-

EXPLANATION,

&

Used by Freud The patient brings to surface certain contents of the unconscious which the therapist clarifies Learning the origins of the problems

3.EDUCATION -An approach adopted by Adler - Incorporation of insights into one’s personality in order to adapt to social environment - Includes the education of patients as social beings - Often leaves patients merely socially well adjusted

DYNAMICS

4.TRANSFORMATION An interplay between therapist and patient leads to change that move beyond adaptation to environment and towards self-realization

CAUSALITY AND TELEOLOGY *Freud – causality * Adler – teleology * Jung – both and must be balance

Purpose To help neurotic patients become healthy and to encourage people to work independently toward selfrealization.

Progression Regression Both essential

Jung sought to achieve this purpose by using dream analysis and active imagination:

SELF-REALIZATION

Psychological types 1. Attitudes a) Introversion b) Extraversion 2.

Function a) Thinking b) Feeling – valuing c) Sensing

1. To help patients discover personal and collective unconscious material 2.To balance these unconscious images with their conscious attitude Transference A natural concomitant to patients’ revelation of highly personal information. Countertransference

d) 4. Melanie KLEIN

Reizes

Intuiting

Emphasis

Object Relations Theory Control

Prime Motive of Human Behavior Aim

KLEIN FREUD Consistent pattern Of Biologically interpersonal based relationships drives Paternal: Maternal: Intimacy and Power And control nurture Human contact And Sexual Pleasure relatedness

Reduce tension Achieve Pleasure

Psychic Life of the Infant 

Phantasies

-

A therapist’s feelings toward the patient.

Anne Freud  Resistive to the notion of childhood psychoanalysis  Claimed that young children could not profit from psychoanalytic therapy. Melanie Klein - BELIEVED: both disturbed and healthy children should be psychoanalyzed • DISTURBED CHILDREN -Therapeutic Prophylactic • HEALTHY CHILDREN --Treatment Analysis FREUDIAN DREAM ASSOCIATION

ANALYSIS

&

FREE

BELIEF: Young children express unconscious and conscious wishes through play therapy

o Good breast o Bad breast

AIM - reduce depressive anxieties and persecutory fears and to mitigate the harshness of internalized objects

 Fantasy  Objects  Positions o Paranoid-Schizoid Position o Depressive Position

Procedure - Re-experience early emotions and fantasies, with the therapist pointing out differences between reality and fantasy, between conscious and unconscious

Psychic Defense Mechanisms Introjection Projection Splitting Projective Identification

CONNECTION MADE

Internalizations Ego Superego Oedipus Complex o Female o Male

- Project previously frightening internal objects into the outer world

- Less persecuted by internalized objects - Reduced depressive anxiety

Horney and Freud Compared 5.KAREN HORNEY Psychoanalytic Social Theory

- To help patients grow in the direction of self-realization 1.) Orthodox psychoanalysis stagnation of theoretical thought & therapeutic practice. 2.) Objected to Freud’s ideas on feminine psychology. 3.) Psychoanalysis should emphasize the importance of cultural influences.

- Constructive friendliness - Free association

- Dream analysis FREUD - Pessimistic (innate instincts & stagnation of personality) - Self-realization KAREN - Optimistic (cultural forces that can change) The Impact of Culture The Importance of Childhood Experiences Basic hostility Repressed hostility Basic anxiety Basic hostility --> Repressed hostility --> Basic anxiety 4 defense against basic anxiety 1. ) Affection 2.) Submissiveness 3.) Power, prestige or possession 4.) Withdrawal

5.KAREN HORNEY Psychoanalytic Social Theory

Compulsive drives Neurotic needs 1. The neurotic need for affection and approval 2. The neurotic need for a powerful partner 3. The neurotic need to restrict one's life within narrow borders 4. The neurotic need for power 5. The neurotic need to exploit others 6. The neurotic need for social recognition or prestige 7. The neurotic need for personal admiration 8. The neurotic need for ambition and personal achievement 9. The neurotic need for self-sufficiency and independence 10. The neurotic need for perfection NEUROTIC TRENDS Basic conflict *Moving Toward People *Moving Against People *Moving Away From People Intrapsychic Conflicts Idealized self-image Sense of identity Compliant people Aggressive people Detached people 3 aspects: • Neurotic search for glory •Neurotic claims • Neurotic pride

Self-hatred Feminine Psychology Fromm’s basic assumptions Aim of therapy: Patients to come to know themselves Most basic assumption --> Individual personality -->only in the light of human history HUMAN DILEMMA - human ability to reason - Blessing - Curse

Without knowledge of ourselves, we cannot know any other person or thing Patients come to therapy seeking satisfaction of their basic human needs Free association

6. Erich FROMM Humanistic Psychoanalysis

Existential dichotomies - Life and death Humans are capable of conceptualizing the goal of complete self- realization, but we also are aware that life is too short to reach that goal. People are ultimately alone, yet we cannot tolerate isolation. Human Needs (Existential Needs) 1. Relatedness o o o o o o o o

SUBMISSION POWER LOVE Care Responsibility Respect / knowledge 2.Transcendence Creating Destroying 3.Rootedness Productive strategy Non-Productive strategy or (fixation) Incestuous Desires/Feelings 4. Sense of identity 5. Frame of orientation

The burden of freedom Basic Anxiety Mechanisms of Escape o Authoritarianism - masochism - sadism o Destructiveness o Conformity - Positive freedom Character orientations

Dream analysis o Dream symbols are not universal o Patients are asked to associate their dreams

o o o o

1. Nonproductive orientations receptive exploitative hoarding marketing

2. Productive orientation o Productive love - biophilia o Productive thinking O Productive Work

6. Erich FROMM Humanistic Psychoanalysis

7.Erik ERIKSON Post-Freudian Theory

Personality Disorders 1. Necrophilia 2. Malignant narcissism 3. Incestuous Symbiosis Syndrome of decay Syndrome of growth Ego

PSYCHOHISTORY

3 interrelated aspects of ego:

- “the study of individual and collective life with the combined methods of psychoanalysis and history”

1. Body ego 2. Ego ideal 3. Ego identity Society’s influence Inborn capacities & society Pseudospecies Epigenetic Development - Syntonic - Dystonic - Basic strength - Core pathology - psychosocial stages - multiplicity - identity crisis

PLAY CONSTRUCTION - Used toys to construct elongated objects - Girls arrange toys in low and peaceful scenes principle

Stages

of CONCEPT OF HUMANITY -

Limited free choice Motivated by past experiences Either conscious or unconscious Both optimism and uniqueness of individuals

- Aim : Embrace B-values

8.Abraham MASLOW Holistic-Dynamic Theory

Views on Motivation 1. Holistic approach to motivation 2. Motivation is usually complex 3. People are continually motivated by one need or another 4. All people everywhere are motivated by the same basic needs 5. Needs can be arranged on a hierarchy.

- Free dependence from others - Interpersonal process - Healthy relationship between client and therapist - Satisfy love and belongingness need

Hierarchy of needs Conative needs Self-actualization Esteem Love & belongingness Safety Physiological Other categories of needs  Aesthetic needs  Cognitive needs  Neurotic needs General discussion of needs - low level need satisfied = emergence of next level need - May emerge gradually - Simultaneous motivation of needs Reverse order of needs Unmotivated behavior Expressive behavior Coping behavior Deprivation of needs Instinctoid nature of needs INSTINCTOID NONINSTINCTOID NEEDS NEEDS - Frustration of need --->pathology - Persistent - For psychological health - Species-specific - Can be molded, inhibited, or altered by environmental influences - Many needs are weaker than cultural forces 8.Abraham MASLOW Holistic-Dynamic Theory

- Frustration of need  --> no pathology - Temporary - Not prereq for health

Criteria for self-actualization - They were free from psychopathology - Self-actualizing people had progressed through the hierarchy of needs - Embrace the B-values - Fulfilled their needs to grow, to develop, & to increasingly become what they are capable of becoming Values of Self-actualizers B-values - Being values 1. Truth 2. Goodness

3. Beauty 4. Wholeness / the transcendence of dichotomies 5. Aliveness / spontaneity 6. Uniqueness 7. Perfection 8. Completion 9. Justice & order 10. Simplicity 11. Richness / totality 12. Effortlessness 13. Playfulness / humor 14. Self-sufficiency / autonomy Characteristics of self-actualizing people We all have the potential to be self-actualizing people Satisfy other needs Embrace B-values 1. More efficient perception of reality 2. Accepting of self, others, and nature 3. Spontaneity, simplicity, naturalness 4. Problem-centering 5. The need for privacy 6. Autonomy 7. Continued freshness of appreciation 8. The peak experience 9. Gemeinschaftsgefühl 10. Profound Interpersonal Relations 11. The democratic character Structure 12. Discrimination Between means and ends 13. Philosophical sense of humor 14. Creativeness) 15. Resistance to enculturation Love, Sex, and Self-actualization Self-actualizer The Jonah Complex

8. Carl ROGERS Person-Centered Theory

If-then framework Basic Assumptions - Formative Tendency - Actualizing Tendency o Self- actualization o Esteem o Love and belongingness o Safety o Physiological o Maintenance o Enhancement Psychological growth requirements: 1. Congruence

CONDITIONS  COUNSELOR CONGRUENCE  UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD  EMPATHIC LISTENING PROCESS Stage 1 - Unwillingness to communicate anything about oneself. - They do not recognize any problems and refuse to own any personal feelings or emotions. Stage 2 - Clients become slightly less rigid. - Clients may talk about personal feelings as if such feelings were objective phenomena.

2. Unconditional Positive Regard 3. Empathy The Self and Self-Actualization Actualization Tendency Self subsystems  1. Self-concept o Perceived self =/= organismic self 2.Ideal Self Accurately Symbolized Distorted Awareness Levels of Awareness   Ignored / denied  Accurately Symbolized   Distorted Carl ROGERS

Denial of Positive Experiences Becoming a Person

Person-Centered Theory Barriers to Psychological Health   Conditions of Worth o External evaluations   Incongruence o Vulnerability o Anxiety and Threat   Anxiety and Threat   Defensiveness o Distortion o Denial   Disorganization

Stage 3 - Clients freely talk about themselves more, still as an object. - Talk about feelings and emotions in the past or future tense and avoid present feelings. - Deny individual responsibility for most of their decisions. Stage 4 - They begin to talk of deep feelings but not ones presently felt. - Accept more freedom and responsibility than they did in stage 3. Stage 5 - They have begun to undergo significant change and growth. - They begin to make their own decisions and to accept responsibility for their choices. Stage 6 - They have begun to undergo significant change and growth. - They begin to make their own decisions and to accept responsibility for their choices. Stage 7 - They become fully functioning "persons of tomorrow" - They become congruent, possess unconditional positive self-regard, and are able to be loving and empathic toward others. Theoretical Explanation for Therapeutic Change - They are freed to listen to themselves more accurately. - To have empathy for their own feelings. - Their perceived self becomes more congruent with their organismic experiences. OUTCOMES - Congruent client who is less defensive and more open to experience. - Become more realistic. - They become more accepting of others, make fewer demands, and simply allow others to be themselves. Person of Tomorrow

9. Rollo MAY Existential Psychology

10.Rollo MAY Existential Psychology

EXISTENTIALISM - that existence take precedence over essence - existentialists oppose the artificial split between subject and object. - search for meaning in their lives. - each of us is responsible for who we are and what we will become. - most take an antitheoretical position, believing that theories tend to objectify people Basic Concepts  Being in the world o DASEIN o simultaneous modes in their being in the world  Umwelt; Mitwelt ; Eigenwelt; Nonbeing The Case of Philip Anxiety i.  Normal Anxiety ii.  Neurotic Anxiety Guilt Forms of ontological guilt i.  Umwelt  ii. Mitwelt iii.  Eigenwelt Intentionality Care, Love, and Will Will vs wish Personality Types  Neo-Puritan - will & x wish  Infantile - wish & x will  Creative - will & wish Union of love and will Forms of love a. Sex b. Eros c. Philia d. Agape Freedom and destiny Freedom a) Existential Freedom b) Essential Freedom Destiny The power of myth Myths The Oedipus myth i. Birth ii. Separation or exile from parents and home iii. Sexual union with one parent and hostility toward the other iv. Assertion of independence and the search for identity

- Should make people more human; that is, helping them expand their consciousness so that they will be in a better position to make choices - The purpose is to set people free - Must be concerned with helping people experience their existence, and that relieving symptoms are me...