Timeline OF Information AGE 1 1 PDF

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TIMELINE OF THE INFORMATION AGE 3000 BC o Sumerian writing system used pictographs to represent words o SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION  first civilization in Mesopotamia o CUNEIFORM  cuneiform means “wedge-shaped”  wedge-shaped marks on clay tablets  made my means of blunt reed for a stylus  more linear 2900 BC o beginnings of Egyptian hieroglyphic script o HIEROGLYPHIC  hiero – “holy”, glypho – “writing”  combined logographic, syllabic and alphabetic elements  total of some 1,000 distinct characters  characters are more detailed 1300 BC o Tortoise shell and oracle bone writings were used o earliest written records of Chinese civilization o ORACLE BONES  shoulder blades of oxen or plastrons of turtles o CARAPCE  outer shell of turtles o used during the Shang dynasty for divination 500 BC o Papyrus roll was used o PAPYRUS  made from a plant  chief writing material in ancient Egypt  flexible smooth surface – which accepts and retains ink without blur or smudge 220 BC o Chinese small seal writing was developed o SMALL SEAL SCRIPT  small and vertically rectangular form of shouten(小篆, small seal script)  leading further to creating the first Chinese dictionary, the Erya o remained popular through the Han dynasty o preserved on numerous stone stelae or inscribed stone slabs, used for official documents and ceremonial purposes o archaic form of Chinese calligraphy 100 AD o BOOK (parchment codex) o replacement for papyrus roll o PARCHMENT  made from the skin of an animal o OLDEST BOOKS  made from compiled parchment 105 AD o Woodblock printing and paper was invented by the Chinese o Image is carved in reverse on a piece of wood o the block is then inked and printed on a substance like paper or fabric o INK

 made from plant pigments, animal liquids or animal bile 1455 o Johannes Gutenberg invented the movable printing press o MOVABLE PRINTING PRESS  more efficient than the wood block printing style  uses movable components to reproduce information on a medium (paper) 1755 o Samuel Johnson published his book, A Dictionary of the English Language o standardized English spelling o one of the most influential dictionaries in the history of English language o consists of more than 40,000 words o written for 8 years o used in clarification of English words 1802 o LIBRARY OF CONGRESS  was established in US  main research arm of the US  largest library in the world  200 million resources per year  mainly for lawmaking o CARBON ARC LAMP  was invented  contains 2 carbon rods and when are touched together, produces an electric arc  the rods are drawn apart, maintaining the arc, and electric current heats  tips of the carbon rods are heated and carbon vaporizes (highly luminous) thus, produces the bright light  used in the libraries  used for projection and assimilation of information in libraries 1824 o Research on Persistence of Vision (POV) was published. o POV  concept of how our brain sees individual images as a sequence of motion  when still images are fast tracked, it appears like it is moving  leads to motion picture 1830s o First design of digital computer was made o called computer because it is mainly for computing basic arithmetic operations o CHARLES BABBAGE  inventor  called his invention as Analytical Engine o AUGUSTA LADY BYRON  commissioned to translate notes into English and then augmented it  made the first ever computer program  assisted by Babbage 1837 o Telegraph was invented. o TELEGRAPH  invented by Samuel Morse  revolutionized long distance communication  transmits electric signals over the wire laid between stations o MORSE CODE  set of dots and dashes to each letter of the English alphabet  simple transmission of complex messages across telegraph lines  used in WW I

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1861 o First motion pictures were projected into screen  A series of still pictures were projected rapidly by means of light which resulted to an illusion of moving pictures (Persistence of Vision) 1876 o Dewey Decimal System was introduced (Melvil Dewey)  Used for locating books in a library  Organizes the books according to its ‘genre’ for us to acquire information immediately  -From 000-999 1877 o High Speed Photography was performed by Edward Muybridge  E.M. placed 24 cameras on a field that captured series of still photos of a running horse  It improved the quality of still images being projected on the screen, thus enhanced the overall quality of motion pictures 1899 o First Magnetic Recording were released  The first experiments with magnetism as a medium for storing sound information was credited to Engineer Valdemar Poulsen (Telegraphone)  With this invention, sound recording was made easier to produce, which helped to further develop motion pictures as sound was integrated to it.  The basic principle Poulsen used became the standard for all future magnetic recording and playback devices 1902 o Motion picture special effects were used  Georges Melies, a filmmaker, introduced innovative special effects on motion pictures.  He used tricks and animations  He also incorporated some sound effetcs  Le Voyage Dans La Lune (1902) – Melies’ first real science fiction film which utilized the use of special effects 1906 o Electronic Amplifying Tube (Triode) was invented by Lee De Forest  The first TRIODE, consisting of an evacuated glass tube containing three electrodes.  Used as an amplifier for both audio and radio signals, and in electric circuits  Starting point of Electronic Engineering 1923 o VLADIMIR ZWORYKIN  “father of television”  two key components: iconoscope and kinescope o ICONOSCOPE  early electronic camera tube  used to scan image for the transmission of television  contained a photosensitive plate or “mosaic” which divided the image to be televised into tiny sections called pixels 1926 o First practical sound movie o DON JUAN  Warner Brothers  first Vitaphone sound film  developed by Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1926  TALKIE

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First publicly-shown “talking pictures” synchronized sound effects and orchestral music no dialogue

1939 o Began regular US television broadcasting on April 30 o BROADCAST  President Franklin D. Roosevelt opening the New York World’s Fair  seen by an estimated 1,000 viewers  roughly 200 televisions o programs were transmitted from the NBC mobile camera trucks to the main transmitter which was connected to an aerial atop the Empire State Building 1940s o Beginning of Information Science as discipline o INFORMATION SCIENCE  computer sciences, cognitive science, psychology, mathematics, logic, information theory, electronics, communications, linguistics, economics, classification science, systems science, library science and management science o AS A DISCIPLINE  discipline that deals with the processes of storing and transferring information 1945 o Vannevar Bush foresaw the invention of hypertext o MEMEX  name of the hypothetical proto-hypertext that Bush described in his 1945 The Atlantic Monthly article “As We May Think”  a device in which individuals would compress and store all their books, records, and communications  influenced the development of early hypertext systems (eventually leading to the creation of the World Wide Web) and personal knowledge-based software 1946 o ENIAC computer was developed o ELECTRONIC NUMERICAL INTEGRATOR AND COMPUTER  first electric general-purpose computer  built during WW II by the US 1948 o FIELD-OF-INFORMATION THEORY  born out of Claude Shannon’s landmark paper, A Mathematical Theory of Communication  invention of the compact disc, the feasibility of mobile phones, the development of the Internet, the study of linguistics and of human perception, the understanding of black holes, and numerous other fields INSERT 5TH GROUP 1984 o Apple Macintosh computer was introduced. The Macintosh was the first computer to come with a graphical user interface and a mouse pointing device as standard equipment. With the coming of the Mac, the personal microcomputer began to undergo a major revolution in its purpose in serving humankind. No longer merely a mathematical tool of scientists, banks, and engineers, the micro was becoming the tool of choice for many graphics artists, teachers, instructional designers, librarians, and information managers. The Macintosh GUI also paved the way for the development of multimedia. Mid 1980s

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Artificiial intelligence develops as a separate discipline from information science. With the development of computer programming involving ever increasing levels of complexity, inheritance, and code re-use culminating in object oriented programming, the software foundations for AI were laid. Artificial Intelligence today is best defined as a collection of electronic information processing tool that can be applied in a myriad of innovative ways to existing information technologies. The main purpose of the development of artificial intelligence is for it to used to do more of the tedious labor in finding and presenting the appropriate needed information in humanity's vast collection of data.

1987 o Hypercard was developed by Bill Atkinson. Apple Computer introduced Hypercard to the public by bundling it with all new Macintosh computers. Hypercard made hypertext document linking possible for the average person who wished to build an information network linking all his or her electronic documents that could be entered or pasted into a Hypercard stack. HyperCard is useful development tool for a wide range of applications, including multimedia presentations, and computer-based training materials. It has a built-in script language - HyperTalk. 1991 o World Library Incorporated produced a fully searchable CD-ROM containing 450 (later expanded to 953) classical works of literature and historic documents. This demonstrated the power of the CD-ROM (has a greater storage capacity than optical laserdisc) to take the text content of several bookshelves and concentrate it on one small piece of plastic. 1987 o RSA Internet Security – encryption and network security software; to provide protection for the data and information in the Internet...