Age of Dino Study Guide 1 PDF

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Study Guide for 1st exam...

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Lecture slides 1. 1. Dinos have been portrayed more recently to have feathers and be brightly colored, active and social. (Ornithomimus; Ostrich) 2. Dinos lived on earth for a long time, different species lived at different times… 3. We first see triceratops and tyrannosaurus rex compared Lecture slides 2. 1. Scientific method: Observation, alternative hypothesis, experiment/ collect more observations, reject/accept existing hypotheses or devise new hypothesis, REPEAT C D E 2. Science: trying to understand the natural world through rational investigation 3. Hypothesis: A scientific theory reflecting a minority of scientific opinion (may lack acceptance) 4. Scientific theory: Inferred explanation of incompletely understood phenomena about the physical universe 5. Scientific law: No exceptions of verified empirical data, describes specific phenomena that has been verified by observation about the universe 6. If a hypothesis becomes better established it will be called a theory and a “proven” theory becomes a law (not necessarily true once a name has been given that sticks) 7. Asteroid impact hypothesis- Not proven but is widely accepted 8. Edward Drinker Cope: Body size in a lineage tends to increase over geological time, law is a generality 9. Other words to describe a concept: model (Heliocentric Solar System Model) Lecture slides 3. 1. Finish: What is a dinosaur/dinos in popular culture- Hollywood dinos vs discovery channel- show dinos as large and ferocious, somewhat mindless creatures 2. Fossils: The remains of ancient life (usually only applied to objects > 10,000 years old) 3. History of dino Collection 1- Plot, brookes, and confused anatomy- First scientific dino descriptions- Mantell and Buckland- 1820’s… Owen coined term Dinosauria (1841) 4. Dinos in pop culture have changed over time- Due to technology, have driven new scientific ideas, driven by cultural focus 5. What is a dinosaur?: a fossil reptile of the mesozoic era 6. Fossilium: “dug up from the ground”, originally applied to anything strange found in a rock, some things dug up were not organic (crystals). Some not crystals but regular or vaguely organic, not familiar. Form- quite familiar, biological.. Composition: not familiar (rock not tissue) 7. Irish Elk: (Giant antlers) Still others had a form similar to modern forms. 8. Fossils can be inspirations for mythical creatures. (ex- Pterosaurs- late triassic- late cretaceous… NOT dinosaurs- more like winged dragonettes) 9. Dragon teeth- Reports in 16th century of remains 10. Griffin- Half lion/half eagle- Guards gold- mythical 11. Protoceratops- Mongolian dinosaur found around gold mines (fossil is inspiration for mythical creatures) 12. Mammoths- Also not dinosaurs like pterosaurs… mythical creatures

13. By 1700’s term “fossil” was widely accepted 14. First specimen documented as a dinosaur- (Plot 1677 bone of a giant)... (Brookes 1763 same specimen with name Scrotum Humanum) 15. First dinosaur specimen collected and scientifically described- Iguanodon (1800’s) Described by Gideon Mantell and Mary Ann Woodhouse(Mrs. Mantell)- Teeth were found, Modern iguana head and teeth (found 1822, named 1825) 16. First dinosaur specimen- Megalosaurus- “big lizard”... William Buckland… Found by someone else and described in 1824 17. “Dinosaurs” Named and proposed as separate vertebrate group 18. Sir Richard Owen- 1841 coined termed “Dinosauria”- Created a different megalosaurus reconstruction 19. Modern def of fossil- remains of ancient life (1750) Lecture slides 4 History of dino collection II1. Water house Hawkins- Crystal Palace reconstruction- 1852 2. More specimens and more complete specimens New jersey (Leidy) 1858, Belgium (Dollo) 1878 3. Cope and Marsh- The Bone Wars- 1870-1890 4. Charles Knight dino reconstruction (late the 19th- early 20th century) 20th Century to now 5. 1st Half of century- Dinos outside western world- Janensch (east africa c. 1910) Andrews (Gobi 1920)- General theme more specimens; same idea 6. 2nd half of century: New views: (Ostrom, Baker, Horner) 7. 1960’s and 70’s- agile, warm blooded, not really extinct (birds) 8. 1980’s- impact hypothesis 9. 1990’s- Nesting sites, maternal/communal ecology 10. Water house made sculptures of iguanodon and megalosaurus (1852) 11. Return to dinos in pop culture- unlike 1925 movie portrayal these are barely recognizable why?- Based on very limited and incomplete skeletons, missing parts filled in with analogy and imagination 12. Hadrosaurus Foulkii- relatively complete skeleton found in New Jersey 1858 (described by Joseph Leidy: Both fore and hind limbs recovered, hind limbs longer than forelimbs, Bipedal organism 13. Bipedal- Moves on hind legs (stands on feet) uses only 2 rear limbs 14. Water house reconstructs bipedal organisms 1877 15. 1878- Iguanodon- discovered in Belgium Coal Mine 16. Discoveries of more complete specimens leads to revised hypotheses- some were bipedal… Iguanodon had spiked thumbs instead of horn on nose 17. Othniel Charles Marsh (1832-1899) Yale professor and director of the Peabody museum- Described about 500 fossil species, and published about 200 papers 18. Edward Drinker Cope- (1840-1897)- Philadelphia Academy of Sciences- Named 1200 fossil species, published 1400 papers. 19. The Bone wars- Between Marsh and Cope!!- (1870-1890)- 130 fossil species described but many destroyed- 1868 (friendly)- Marsh visits copes site as guests- offers quarry

owner more money for future finds to be sent to him- begins war… War overall ruins both mens careers- A species had 22 diff names and was destroyed 20. Cope publishes a reconstruction with head on the wrong end and Marsh corrects the error. 21. Artwork of Charles Knight (t-rex vs triceratops) was a model for dinosaurs in 1960’s 22. Werner Janensch (Berlin Museum) “Brachiosaurus”- now giraffatitan.. Tanaguru Hills, Tanzania (1912)... Expanded dino discoveries outside Europe and North Americasimilar taxa in Africa (useful for telling time) 23. American Museum of Natural History expeditions to the Gobi Desert 1920’s- Roy chapman Andrews (Indiana Jones)- went looking for humans found dinos- expanded range of known dinos, found dino eggs provides observational window on ecology 24. Flaming cliffs Mongolia: Dino hunting and collecting- Right rocks (age, region, depositional environment, taphonomy) Logistics- (Funding, personal, travel/living, finding/collecting/shipping) 25. Collecting- Once fossil is located expose then stabilize (glue), undercut (remove matrix), Wrap fossil in cushion (TP), then hard protective plaster jacket 26. Prep Lab- expose and stabilize specimen.. document and describe, photograph.. Curate aka prepare for long term storage 27. Display- plan and execute and mount, casts (light fake fossils) real (heavy, delicate), space/costs 28. John Ostrom- Proposed/ revised active ecology for some dinosaurs and hypothesis that birds descended from dinosaur- inspired by the environmental movement and his detailed studies of a raptor (deinonychus) Lecture slides 5. 1. Formation of fossils: Taphonomy: What happens between death and fossils, steps in the process… Life, death, decay, transport, burial, fossilization, exposure, collection, information loss. 2. 21st Century- feathers/ Birds… life history, biomechanics, colors, geochemistry, many more specimens 3. John Ostrom (see Lecture 4) 4. Bob Bakker: Active/warm blooded interpretation, claimed great intelligence, complicated social structures, great speed in virtually all dinos 5. Jack Horner: Found nesting colonies- proposed parental care.. New ideas of growth and development 6. Casey Holliday- Leg bones actually indicated that significant height could be added to dinos 7. Iguanadon through time- quadruped (1850s), Biped (1870s) Facultative biped (1990s), feathers and color (2015) 8. Why ideas Change- New collections: diversity, biogeography, appearance, diet, locomotion… New techniques: CT scans, electron microscopy, computer models, geochemistry, organic fossils… New analogies/comparisons, changing emphasis of scientific questions influenced by culture 9. Blue wildebeest- reproduction tied to seasons- 80% born during the rainy season.. Some are migratory & will combine with other species

10. Herds are seldom fossilized 11. Taphonomy more info- Things: life assemblage, death assemblage, fossil, collected specimen. Processes: death, decay/feeding/scavenging, transport, burial, fossilization, uplift/erosion/exposure, discovery & collection… Can skip or repeat steps and processes.. Final specimen is a factor of its integrated history 12. Articulated skeleton vs isolated bone: Variation in what is preserved based on history between death and burial… only end member possibilities Lecture Slides 6. 1. Taphonomy Continued… preservation potential: the probability of an organism becoming a fossil. More ex. Emphasizing fossil as opposed to corse 2. Body fossils and trace fossils: preservation potential and trace fossils 3. Depositional environments/ facies: Fluvial (Rivers and floodplains), Arid/semi-arid (deserts), Lacustrine (Lakes), Deltaic/ Marginal marine 4. Final specimen- factor of its integrated history, each specimen is unique… it is possible to make some generalizations 5. Preservation potential (possibility of being fossilized): Typical sequence of info lost (order of less to more likely to be fossilized)- Details of appearance (color)... soft tissue… stiff tissues… position of bones relative to each other… small, delicate or loosely integrated bones… large, massive, bones or teeth… (not absolute info loss can vary) 6. Sometimes exceptional preservation can occur: Color can be preserved ex- 100 million year old bird feather, and woodpecker feather with color bands.. Whale with all bones in tact, and intestinal tract 7. “Fighting dinosaurs”- exceptional fossil- behavior captured by body fossils 8. Animals stuck in the mud- fossil assemblages 9. Lucy 3.2 million year old- hypothesize lucy fell from a tree… she is a huge debate.. 10. Demon faced dino named after ghostbusters baddie- Zuul destroyer of shin- Looks like ankylosaurus- Usually found upside down (bloat and float) 11. Body fossil: physical remains of ancient organism, (often altered), bones teeth or tissue. (mummified fossil including skin) 12. Trace fossils: remains that were not part of the living organism. (Tracks, excrement, feeding traces) ex: imprintment of dinosaur skin- footprints are common 13. Difference between body and trace fossils- bones vs footprints, or skin vs skin imprint 14. Raindrop impressions- such a small print yet can be preserved for billions of years Lecture slides 7. 1. Principles of stratigraphy: Original horizontality and lateral continuity, super position, cross cutting relationships, faunal succession/ biostratigraphy 2. Rock cycle on continents: 3 types- igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary- (most fossils found in sedimentary rocks 3. Sedimentary rocks: made up of pieces of other rocks that are deposited in layers, commonly contain fossils, provide best history of changes at the earth's surface 4. Sedimentary facies: Characteristics of sedimentary rock that allow the depositional environment to be inferred 5. Fluvial channels (modern and ancient): Larger grains in center, smaller grains on sides, migrating channels

6. Arid/semi arid (windy, sand dunes): Wind blown dunes have characteristic/ inclined faces that can be preserved 7. Wet/dry: seen in arid/semi environments… mud cracks form when muds and clays shrink as they dry out 8. Lacustrine: Often a bullseye pattern… reflects shore to deeper water deposits 9. Coal- Fossilized swamp 10. Marginal marine- mixture of fluvial, swampy, beach, and marine indicators like marine fossils 11. Depositional environments- 4 ex: up above… they are also 4 examples of sedimentary environments so… Fluvial, lacustrine, arid, marginal marine 12. Dinos we see are all terrestrial so far! 13. Nicolaus Steno(1638-1686)- Principles of stratigraphy: Putting events in order- Original horizontality and lateral continuity, super position, cross cutting relationships… Steno proposed those principles, argued tongue stones were fossil shark’s teeth, one step shy of sainthood 14. Superposition: oldest layers on bottom, youngest on the top, long as you can tell up from down 15. Original horizontality and lateral continuity: Layers continue laterally until they run into a discontinuity or pinch out 16. Cross cutting relationships: Features that cut across other layers are younger than layers they cut- works for faults or erosion or magma (faulting is younger than rocks that are faulted) 17. Angular unconformity- Grand Canyon- cross cutting sediments 18. Relative dating: Placing events in logical sequence; using principles of stratigraphy Lecture slides 8. 1. Holliday- thermal imaging- flying drones over wild gators- t. Rex built in air conditioner 2. Dimetrodon- Faunal succession- different creatures lived at different times, if you know when you can use fossils to tell time 3. Cynagathus: In sections with both Cynagathus and dimetrodon layers containing dimetrodon are always stratigraphically below so OLDER than cynagathus (faunal succession) 4. Mesonichid: Cynagnathus is stratigraphically below mesonichid therefore cynagnathus is older. Mesonichid is below the wolf and is older than the wolf. 5. Faunal succession: Can eventually be applied to build a long sequence and knowledge over long distances. 6. Global Correlation: Assembling a composite section faunal succession 7. Geological Time scale: Mesozoic and its 3 periods, built and refined over centuries 8. Mesozoic contains: Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous… 250...65 9. Uniformitarianism: James Hutton- (1726-1797)- Past must be explained by what's happening in the present 10. Hadrian’s wall: > 1500 years very little weathering 11. Ussher: Prescribes a short span of time (specific) earth was created 12. Baron Georges de Cuvier- fossils resulted from special creation , destroyed by a catastrophic event (reform rocks)

13. Uniformitarianism and catastrophism: alternative hypotheses for difference in earth age 14. Measure/estimate absolute time? Relative dating and absolute dating 15. Relative is sequence gma, mom, me… absolute gma 1920, mom 1955, me 2000 16. William Thomson Lord Kelvin: (1824-1907)- Unless operations have been performed which is impossible under the laws to which the known operations going on in the present material world are subject. 17. Marie Sklodowksa Curie- (1867-1934) 18. Isotope: Atoms of the same element (same # protons)- some are unstable aka radioactive 19. Half life- time is take for radioactive isotope to decay 20. The percentage of radioactive atoms that decay during one half life is always 50%, compare the ratio of parent to daughter to yield age Lecture slides 9. 1. Pikaia- a very early chordate- happened in Cambrian explosion 2. Fishes in 1st chordates- Jawless fishes- evolution of jaws- 4 groups of jawed fishesbony fishes which evolved out of tetrapods...