Torts-Notes - Lecture notes 1-11 PDF

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Intentional Torts to the PersonBattery (protects the body)  A direct and intentional act by a person which causes contact with body of another without consent (force is used). DIRECT & INTENTIONAL  Collins v Wilcock – plaintiff prostitute was seen soliciting men in street, as she was pursu...

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I nt e nt i onalTor t st ot hePe r s o n Ba t t e r y( pr o t e c t st hebo dy )  Ad i r e c ta n di nt e n t i on a la c t b yap e r s o nwh i c hc a u s e sc on t a c twi t hb o d yo fa no t h e rwi t h o ut c o ns e n t( f or c ei su s e d ) . DI RECT&I NTENTI ONAL Col l i n svWi l c o c k–p l a i n t i ffp r o s t i t ut ewa ss e e ns ol i c i t i n gme ni ns t r e e t , a ss hewa sp u r s u e db yapo l i c e wo ma n  wh o ms hes wo r ea t , p ol i c e wo ma nt h e nt o o kp l a i n t i ffsa r mt or e s t r a i nh e r .Con s i de r e db a t t e r ya st h e r ewa sn o i n t e n t i o nt oa r r e s tp l a i n t i ff. CONTACTWI THTHEBODY  Ho s t i l i t y( I nAu s t r a l i a )i sn o tan e c e s s a r yp r e r e q u i s i t eo fb a t t e r y . Bu tc o nt a c tmu s tp r o v et ob eo ffe n s i v eou t s i d eo f t hea c c e p t e dus a g e sa n dc o n t a c t so fd a i l yl i f e . o Pu r s e l lvHor n–d e f e n d a nt t h r e wb oi l i n gwa t e ro v e rpl a i n t i ffc a u s i n gi n j u r ya n dd a ma g i n gc l o t he s . Wa t e r ’ sc o n t a c twi t hp l a i n t i ffwa se n o u g ht oe s t a b l i s hb a t t e r y . o Ri x o nvSt a rCi t yPt yLt d–Pl a i n t i ffwa sg r a b b e do ns h ou l d e rf o rb e i n ge x c l u d e dp a t r o no fde f e n da n t ’ s c a s i n o . Ba t t e r ywa sn o tf o u ndg i v e nt h a ti td i d n ’ ts u r p a s sa c c e p t e du s a g e sa n dc o n t a c t sofe v e r y d a yl i f e . o Fa g anvme t r o p ol i t a nCo mro fPo l i c e–p l a i n t i ffa c c i de n t a l l yd r o v eo v e rp o l i c eoffic e r s ’f oo t ( n o tb a t t e r y ) b u tf a i l e d , d e s p i t ep o l i c eo ffic e ra s ki n g , t or e v e r s eo fff oo t i nar e a s o na b l et i me( ba t t e r y )be c a u s eo f p o s i t i v ea c t . As s a ul t( pr o t e c t sme nt a lwe l l be i ng )  An yd i r e c tt h r e a t b yap e r s onwhi c hi nt e n t i on a l l yo rne g l i g e nt l yc r e a t e si na n o t h e r ,a p p r e he n s i o no fi mmi ne n t , h a r mf u lo roffe n s i v ec o n t a c t . Ap pr e h e n s i o nofi mp e n di n gc o n t a c t . Noph y s i c a li nt e r r e f e r e n c er e q u i r e df o rd a ma g e s . I NTENTI ONAL  Cr a ns t o nvCo ns o l i d at e dMe a tGr o u p–Pl a i n t i ffa n dd e f e n d a nt we r et wowor k e r si na na b a t t oi r . Af t e ra na r g ume n t d e f e nd a n tg e s t u r e dt h a tp l a i nt i ffr e t u r nt oh i st a b l eus i n gh i skn i f e .NOTa s s a u l ta st h e r ewa sn oI NTENTI ONt o c r e a t ea p pr e h e n s i onofha r m. ACTORTHREAT  S t e ph e n svMy e r s–Up onbe i n ga s k e dt ol e a v eac h u r c hme e t i n g , de f e n da n tc l a i me dt h a t he ’ dr a t h e rt hr o wo u tt h e c h a i r ma n( pl a i n t i ff)t h a nl e a v ebe f o r ep r o c e e d i n gt o wa r d sh i mwi t hc l e n c h e dfis t s . ASSUALTwa sf o u n dd u et o c o mb i n a t i ono fa c t , t hr e a ta n di n t e nt i o n . WORDSALONE  Al la b ou t t h ei n s t i l me n to fa p pr e h e n s i onofi mp e d i n gp h y s i c a l ha r mi npl a i n t i ff.Wo r d sa r ea d e q u a t ef o ra s s a u l t . o Ba r t o nvAr ms t r on g–As s a u l tp r o v e dt oh a v eo c c u r r e do v e rp h on e . o RvI r e l a n d–Ca l l e dmu l t i pl egi r l sa n dr e ma i n e ds i l e nt l e a d i n gt h e mt od e v e l o pp s y c h o l o g i c a li l l n e s s e s– s i l e nc ewa sc o n s i de r e dt ob ea s s a u l ti nt h i sc a s e . APPREHENSI ON  Mus tp r o v eI NTENTI ONt oc a u s ea p p r e h e n s i o n( o b j e c t i v e l yt e s t e sc a s et oc a s e ) . o Br a d yvSc h at z e l –d e f e n d a nt po i n t e du nl o a d e dg una td e f e nd a n t , WASc on s i de r e da s s a u l td u rt oi n t e n t i o n t oc r e a t ea p p r e h e n s i on . APPREHENSI ONMUS TBEOFI MMI NENTHARMFULCONTACT  Za nk e rvVa r t z o k as–d e f e n da n tg o ti npl a i n t i ffsv a nf oral i f t ho me , d e f e n d a n tde n i e dl e t t i n gh e ro u tofv a na f t e r a s ki n gf o rs e x u a lf a v o u r ss a y i n gt h a th ewo u l dt a k ehe rt oh i sma t e ’ sp l a c et ob e‘ fix e dup ’ .I mmi n e nt t h r e a to f p h y s i c a lha r m =a s s a u l twa sp r o v e d .  Ba r t o nvAr ms t r on g–t hr e a to fd e a t ho v e rp h on e , ( a l t h ou g ht i mi n gwa su n s p e c i fie d )t hr e a twa ss t i l lf ou n dt ob e i mmi n e n t . Th u s , a s s a u l twa sf o un d . CONDI TI ONALTHREATS  Con d i t i o n ss e to u tb e f o r et h r e a t swi l lb ec a r r i e dou t . o Ro z s avS a mue l s–De f e n da n tt a xi dr i v e rp u l l e di nf r o n to fpl a i n t i fft a x id r i v e ri nr a nk . Pl a i n t i ff a p p r o a c h e dd e f e n d a n ta n dt h r e a t e ne dt op u nc hh i m, d e f e n d a n tt h e np u l l e do u tak ni f ea n dt hr e a t e n e dt o c u tp l a i nt i fft ob i t si fh et r i e db e f or eg e s t u r i n gt oo p e nd o or . ASS AULTwa sp r o v e d . o Po l i c evGr e a v e s–De f e n da n ta r r i v e da t p l a i n t i ffs ’do o rh o l d i n gc a r vi n gkn i f ea n dt h r e a t e n i n gt os t a b p l a i n t i ffi fh emo v e df o r wa r ds . Al t h o u g ht hr e a twa sc o n d i t i o na l a s s a u l twa ss t i l lp r o v e d . Fal s eI mpr i s o nme nt( pr o t e c t sl i be r t y)  Re me d yt oi n di v i du a l swh o s ep e r s o na ll i b e r t yha sb e e nr e s t r a i n e d–NOTr e s t r i c t e dt oph y s i c a l c o n t a i nme n t . DI RECTNESS& I NTENTI ON  S c o t tvS h e pa r d–de f e n da n tt h r e wfir e wo r ki n t oc r o wnwhi c hwa sd e f e n s i v e l yt o s s e da wa yb ymul t i p l e i n t e r me d i a r i e sb e f o r ee x p l od i n ga ndc a us i n gd a ma g e . Di r e c t n e s swa sp r o v e dd e s pi t ei n t e r v e n i n gp e o p l e . TOTALDEPRAVATI ONOFLI BERTY  Bu r t o nvDa v i e s& I ns u r an c e–d r i v i n gac a rt o of a s tt oa l l o wap a s s e n g e rt oa l i g h t( g e to u t )i sf a l s ei mp r i s on me n t .  Rob i n s o nvBal ma i nNe wf e r r yCo–p l a i n t i ffe n t e r e dwh a r fk no wi n gt h a tt hec o n d i t i onofe n t r ywa st op a yap e n n y a n da f t e rd e c i d i n gn o tt ot r a v e l t r i e dt ol e a v e . De f e n da n td e n i e de x i tt h r o u g hg a t eu nt i lh ep a i dp e n n y . NOTf a l s e i mp r i s on me n tc o n s i d e r i n gt h a tp l a i nt i ffwa sa wa r eofc o n d i t i o nso fe n t r ya n da l t e r n a t i v ee x i s t s( no tTOTAL) . DURATI ON  An yl e n g t ho ft i mei sa d e q u a t e . KNOWLEDGEOFDEPRI VATI ON  Mus tb ea g a i ns tt h ewi l lo ft h ep l a i n t i ff. o Me e r i n gvGr a h ame Wh i t eAv i a t i o nCo–p l a i n t i ffwe n t f o rme e t i n gi nd e f e nd a n t ’ soffic ea n dwa su n a bl e t ol e a v edu rt op r e s e n c eoft wod e t e c t i v e so u t s i d e . He l dt obef a l s ei mp r i s on me n t .

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PUREL YPSYCHOLOGI CAL  S y me svMa h o n–p l a i n t i ffwa sh e l dt ob ef a l s e l yi mpr i s on e dwh e nh ea c c o mp a n i e dap o l i c eo ffic e rt ot o wno na t r a i na f t e rb e i n gt o l dt h a t t h e r ewa sawa r r a n tou tf o rhi sa r r e s t . Cou r tr u l e dt h a tp l a i n t i ffh a ds u bmi t t e dt o d e f e nd a n t s ’po we ro nt h eb e l i e ft ha tt h e r ewa sn or e a s o na b l eme a n so fe s c a p e=f a l s ei mp r i s on me n t .

Ac t i onsont heCas e Ne r v ousShoc kCaus e dbyI ndi r e c tI nt e nt i o nal St a t e me nt sCa l c ul a t e dt oI nfli c tHa r m Wi l k i n s o nvDo wn t o n–d e f e nd a n tf a l s e l yt o l dp l a i n t i fft ha the rh u s b a ndha dbe e ni nas e r i o usa c c i d e n t a ndb r o k e nb o t ho fh i s l e g s( a sp r a c t i c a lj o k e ) . Pl a i n t i ffs uffe r e dne r v o u ss ho c k , b e c o mi n gs e r i o u s l yi l l . Awa r dd a ma g e sb a s e donf o l l o wi n ge l e me n t s : 1 . Wi l f u la c t ofde f e n da n t 2 . Ca l c u l a t e dt oc a u s eh a r m( f o r e s e e a b l yl i k e l yt oc a u s en e r v o uss ho c k) . 3 . I nf a c t , c a u s i n gha r mt ot h epl a i n t i ff( s h oc kmu s tb ewi t hi nt h el i mi t so fwh a ti sr e a s on a b l e ) . Car r i e rvBo n h am–Me n t a l l yi l l de f e n d a n t( wi t hs c h i z op h r e n i a )s t e p p e do ut i nf r o n to fbu st oc o mmi ts u i c i d ec a u s i n g p l a i n t i ffb u sd r i v e rt oc o n t r a c taps y c h i a t r i ci l l n e s s . De f e n d a n twa sf ou n dt ob el i a b l e . Phy s i c a lI nj ur yCa us e dbyI ndi r e c tI nt e nt i o nal Ac t sI nt e nde dt oI nfli c tHa r m Bi r dvHol b r o o k–De f e nd a n ts e to ffwi r e ds p r i n gg u ni nh i sy a r da f t e rr o b b e r ywi t ho u twa r n i n g . Pl a i nt i ffwa sr e c o v e r i n gi t e m t ha tha dl a n d e do nl a wnf r o mn e x td o o rwhe nhet r i p p e dwi r ea n dwa ss ho t i nl e gi n j u r i n gk ne e .Co ur tf o un di nf a v o u ro f p l a i n t i ffg i v e nt hea b s e nc eo fwa r ni n g . Es t a b l i s he d : 1 . Th ed e f e n da n t sa c t i sd e l i b e r a t e 2 . Th ed e f e n da n ti n t e nd e dt odoi n j u r y 3 . Pl a i n t i ffs u ffe r e di n j u r y

Tr e s pas st oLa nd De fini t i o n Vo l un t a r y , i nt e n t i o n a l( orn e g l i g e n t )di r e c tp h y s i c a li n t e r f e r e n c ewi t ht hep l a i n t i ff’ se x c l u s i v ep o s s e s s i o no ft h el a n d Ac t i o nabl epe rs e WI THOUTp r o o fo fda ma g ea n da i mst oe n s u r et h a tt h ei n t e r e s t so fap e r s oni na c t u a lp o s s e s s i o no fl a n dr e ma i nf r e ef r om u n wa n t e dp h y s i c a li n t e r f e r e n c e .  To r te x i s t sa r o un dt h ep h y s i c a li nt r u s i on–h e n c en od a ma g e sr e q u i r e d o Du mo nt vMi l l e r–p l a i nt i ffe n t e r e dd e f e n d a nt sl a n dwi t hbe a g l e st oh u nt .Su c c e s s f u l l ys ue df ort r e s pa s s d e s pi t ep r e s e n c eo fNOda ma g e s . Ac t i o nMus tbeVol unt a r y I fd e f e n da n ti sp l a c e do npl a i n t i ff’ sl a n db yf o r c ei ti sNOTt r e s p a s s i n gb e c a us ea c t i o nswe r en o tv o l u nt a r y  Su b j e c t i v ei nt e n t i oni si r r e l e v a nt . Bu tmu s tb ep r o v e dt ha tde f e n da n tI NTENDEDt ot r e s pa s s . o S mi t hvS t o n e–NOt r e s p a s sa sd e f e nd a n twa sc a r r i e do n t ol a n da g a i n s twi l l , t h u s ,n o ti n t e n t i o na l . Di r e c t ne s s Re q u i r e saDI RECTi n t e r f e r e n c eb yt hed e f e nd a n twi t ht h ep l a i nt i ff’ spr o p e r t y . Ma ybei na nu n br o k e nc ha i no fe v e n t s . Ho we v e r , CANNOTb ec o n s e q u e n t i a lu po nde f e n da n t s ’a c t s .  S o ut h p o r t Co r pvEs s oPe t r o l e um–t r e s pa s sNOTf o un dwhe nde f e n da n td e l i b e r a t e l yd i s c h a r g e do i li nt oar i v e r e s t u a r yt or e flo a tas h i p( t o oh e a vy ) .Oi lwa sc a r r i e db yt i d eon t op l a i nt i ff’ sl a n dwh i c hwa sc o n s e q ue n t i a lu po n d e f e nd a n t s ’a c t i o n sa n dn o td i r e c t .  Gr e g o r yvPi p e r–Ru b b i s hl e f t onpl a i n t i ff’ sl a ndd r i e da ndr o l l e don t od e f e n da n t ’ sl a n dwi t ht h ewi n d .Di ds a t i s f y t r e s p a s sg i v e nt h a ti t wa sDI RECTr e s ul to fd e f e n d a n t sa c t i on si nt a nd e m wi t hn a t ur a lf o r c e s . Ti t l et oSue Pl a i n t i ffmu s tb ea b l et op r o v ee x c l us i v epo s s e s s i o no fl a nds ub j e c tt ot r e s p a s sc l a i m. Ev e nwi t h o ut l e g a lt i t l e( t e n a n t s ) , i f e x c l u s i v ep o s s e s s i o ni sp r o v e dt he r ei sat i t l et os u e .  Ne wi n g t onvWi nd e y e r–a d j o i n i n gho u s e so wn e db ypl a i n t i ffba c k e do n t ov a c a n tl a n dwh i c hwa su s e de x c l u s i v e l y b yp l a i n t i ffsf orr e c r e a t i o n a l a c t i v i t y( f o r5 0y e a r s ) .Wh e no t h e rn e i gh b o u r i n gp r op e r t i e s( de f e n da n t s )b e g a nt ous e v a c a n tl a n d ,i twa sf ou n dt h a tt h e yWEREt r e s p a s s i n gg i v e np r oo fo fe x c l u s i v ep os s e s s i on . Na t ur eo fLa nd On e ’ sl a n di so n l ya sf a ru pi nt hea i ra nda sf a rd o wni n t ot hes u b s oi l a si sr e a s o na b l yne c e s s a r yf ort h eu s ea n de n j o y me n to f t hel a nda ndi n c l u d e sa l lfix t u r e su po ni t .  S t on e ma nvLy on s–WASd e e me dt r e s pa s st oe x c a v a t eat r e n c hu n d e rn e i g h bo u r i n gl a n d o wn e r sg a r a g ewa l lc a u s i n g i tc o l l a p s ea si ta ffe c t e du s ea n de n j o y me n to fl a nd .  Bu l l iCo a lMi n i n gCovOs bo r n e–mi n i n gc o mpa n yf o u n dt oh a v et r e s p a s s e dwh e nmi n e du n d e r ne a t hp l a i n t i ff’ s l a n dt omi n ec oa l .  Be r ns t e i nof Le i g hS k y v i e wsvGe n e r a lLt d–Pl a i n t i ffa t t e mp t e dt oa c t i o nt r e s p a s so nd e f e nd a n t ’ sp l a n et a ki n g a e r i a lp h ot o gr a p hsf r o ma b o v ep r o p e r t y . NOTt r e s p a s sa sp l a n ewa sn o tl o we n o u g hs oa st oj e o p a r d i s eu s ea n d e n j o y me n to fl a nd .  Da v i e svBe n n i s on–d e f e n d a nt f o u ndt oh a v et r e s pa s s e dwhe r eb u l l e t t r a v e l l e da t r o o fh e i g h ta c r o s sp l a i n t i ff’ sl a n d a n dki l l e dc a t s i t t i n gonr o o f .

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Na t ur eo fPh y s i c a lI nt e r f e r e nc e  Tr e s p a s sma yb ec o mmi t t e dwi t h o ut t h ed e f e nd a n ta c t u a l l ye n t e r i n gt hep l a i n t i ff’ sl a nd ,s ol o n ga st h ed e f e nd a n t d i r e c t l yc a u s e ss omeob j e c tt oc o mei n t oc o n t a c t wi t ht h ep r op e r t y . TRESP ASSBYLI CENCEE  Ap e r s onwh ol a wf ul l ye n t e r sp r op e r t yh a v i n gb e e ng r a n t e dal i c e n s et od os o ,ma yc o mmi tat r e s p a s swh i l s to nt he p r op e r t yi ft h e yc o mmi taWRONGFULa c tt h a te x c e e d st h el i c e n s et ha tha sb e e ng i v e nt ot h e m. o Co we l lvRo s e h i l lRa c e c o u r s e–p l a i n t i ff( whoh a dpu r c h a s e dat i c k e t )r e f u s e dt ol e a v ed e f e n da n t s r a c e c o u r s ea f t e rb e i n ga s k e dt ol e a v e . Pl a i n t i ffwa sf o un dg u i l t yo ft r e s p a s sf orn o tl e a vi n ga f t e ra r e a s ona bl et i meh a de l a p s e da f t e rb e i n ga s k e d . o Bo n dvKe l l y–de f e n d a nt e n t e r e dp l a i n t i ffs ’p r o p e r t ywi t hal i c e n s et oc u two o db ut wa sf ou n dt oh a v e t r e s p a s s e dwh e nh er e mo v e dmo r et h a nt h ep e r mi t t e da mou n to fwoo d . I MPLI EDLI CENSETOENTERPREMI SE  Ha l l i d a yvNe v i l l–Pl a i nt i ff’ spr o p e r t yh a dn og a t eo rl o c kp r e v e n t i n ge nt r ys ot ha twhe nt wod e f e nd a n tp o l i c e o ffic e r se n t e r e dl a n dt oa r r e s tad i s q u a l i fie dd r i v e r , t h e ywe r ef ou n dNOTt oh a v et r e s p a s s e sa sa ni mp l i e dl i c e n s et o e n t e re x i s t e d( a l s op ub l i cp o l i c y) . o I mpl i e dl i c e ns e se x i s tf o rp ub l i ct oa c c e s sp r i v a t ed we l l i n g st hr o u g hu n ob s t r uc t e de nt r yf orl e g i t i ma t e p u r po s eo fc o nt a c t i n go wn e ro fd we l l i n g . TRESP ASSANDENTRYAUTHORI SEDBYLAW  Coc ovR–j u di c i a l l yo r d e r e dl i s t e n i n gd e vi c e si mp l a n t e db yd e f e n d a nt sonpl a i n t i ffsl a n dt oc o n v i c ta l l e g e df e l o n n o tt r e s p a s sa sa u t ho r i s e db ys t a t u t e . o Tr e s p a s sa bi n i t i o :Wh e np e r s one n t e r sp r e mi s ep ur s u a nt t oa u t h o r i t yg r a n t e db yl a wa n da b us e so r e x c e e d st h a tl a wf ul a ut h o r i t y , t h e ya r eLI ABLEa sat r e s p a s s e r .  Kur uvNSW –p o l i c ee nt e r e dp l a i n t i ff’ sp r o p e r t yt oi n v e s t i g a t ed o me s t i ci n c i de n t wi t h g i r l f r i e nda ndwe r ea l l o we dt ol o o ka r o u n db ypl a i n t i ff,a f t e rn oe v i d e n c ewa sf o u n d, p o l i c e o v e r s t a y e dwe l c o med e s pi t ebe i n ga s k e dt ol e a v el e a di n gt oi n j u r yo fpl a i n t i ffwi t hc a p s i c u m s pr a y . Po l i c eo v e r s t a y e dr e a s on a b l et i met h a twa sn o tp e r mi t t e db ys t a t u t o r ya u t h o r i s a t i o na n d we r et h u sf o u n dt ob et r e s pa s s i n g . CONTI NUI NGTRESP ASS  Wh e nad e f e n da n t , ora no b j e c t pl a c e do nt h ep r op e r t yb yad e f e nd a n tr e ma i n so nt h ep r o p e r t yo ft h ep l a i nt i ffa f t e r a nu n a ut h o r i s e dar e f u s a lt ol e a v ewi t h i nar e a s o na b l et i me . o Ko ns k i e rvBGo od ma n–f a i l u r eofbu i l d e rt or e mo v eb u i l d i n gd e b r i so np l a i n t i ff’ sl a n da f t e ra r e a s on a b l et i mewa sp r o v e dt ob et r e s p a s s . TRESP ASS&PRI VACY  I nt h eABSENCEofat o r tofp r i v a c y ,t r e s p a s sa t t e mp t st op a r t l yb r i d g et h i sg a pi nr e s t r a i ni n gt h eus eo ffil ma n d s o u ndr e c o r d i n g sg a i n e df r o mt r e s p a s s e de n t r yo n t ol a nd .

De f e nc e st oI nt e nt i onalTor t s De f e nc eo ft hePe r s o no rPr o pe r t y( s5 2CLA)  Re a s on a b l ef or c e( o b j e c t i v e l yt e s t e d )ma ybeu s e db yde f e n da n tt ode f e n do ne ’ so wno ra no t h e r ’ sp e r s ono rp r o pe r t y wh e np l a i n t i ffs ’a c t i on st h r e a t e nt oh a r mt h e m. SELFDEFENCEOFTHEPERSON Ap e r s oni sa t t a c k e do rt h r e a t e n e dma yu s ea smu c hf or c ei sr e q u i r e dt op r o t e c tt h e m wh e r et h e r ei sn oo t he ro p t i o n  a n dwh i l s tb e l i e v i n gt h a tt he i rl i f ei si nd a n g e ro rwi l ls uffe rs e r i o usb o di l yh a r m. o De g r e eo fFo r c e :p r op o r t i o n a lt ot h r e a t o ra t t a c k( c a n no t bei nr e v e n g e ) e s i de n t i al Se c u r i t yS e r v i c e sAu svBr i l l e y–f o un di nf a v o u ro fs e c u r i t yg u a r dwho ,a f t e r  Pr s u ffic i e n twa r ni n g , s ho to n eo ft hr e ei n t r ud e r si n t e nd i n gt os t e a lmon e yf r o m ag a mb l i n gr o om a f t e rh ou r s . l e l l a ndvS y mo n s–Pl a i n t i ffh a dt h r e a t e n e dt os h oo tde f e n da n to v e ral o n g l a s t i n gd i s pu t e  Mc r e g a r d i n gt her e pa i ro fab o un d a r yf e nc eb e t we e ne a c ho t h e rl a nd . De f e nd a n ts t r u c kpl a i n t i ff wi t hc r o wb a rf r a c t u r i n gs k u l la n dc a u s i n gl o s so fs i gh t( wa sj u s t i fie da ss e l f d e f e nc e ) . Ho we v e r , d e f e nc ef a i l e dwh e ni twa sf o u n dt ha tde f e n da n th a de x c e s s i v e l ys t r u c kt wi c e . o Noo t h e ro pt i o n i nvKa t a p o di s–pl a i n t i ffa f t e ra r g u i n gwi t hd e f e n d a nt b e g a nt os t r i k ed e f e nd a n twi t hT Font s q u a r ewh e nj u s tp r i ort ot h i r db l o wd e f e n d a n tt h r e wap i e c eo fg l a s sa tp l a i nt i ffj a g g i n gt hu mb s o c k e ta n dc a u s i n gp e r ma n e n ti n j u r y . Fo r c et o oe x c e s s i v e–s e l f d e f e n c ef a i l e d . o Re a s on a b l eb e l i e fi nt h r e a to fd e a t ho rs e r i ou sb o di l yh a r m: c e v i cvDPP–Af t e ra na l t e r c a t i o n, p l a i n t i ffh a ds t a b b e dd e f e n d a n twh of e a r e df o rh i sl i f e  Ze a n ds h o tpl a i n t i fft op r o t e c th i ms e l f .Pl a i n t i ffwa sf ou n dt oha v eb e e na c t i n gi ns e l f de f e n c ea si t wa sc o n s i d e r e dr e a s o na b l et h a th ef e a r e df o rh i sl i f e . DEFENCEOFANOTHER’ SPERSON Ap e r s onma yc o met ot h ede f e n c eo fa no t h e rwhoi sa t t a c k e do rt h r e a t e n e dwi t ha na t t a c kwi t hs u c hf o r c et ha ti s  r e a s on a b l yne c e s s a r yf o rp r o t e c t i o no nt h egr o un d st h a tt h eo t h e rp e r s on ss a f e t yi si nd a n g e r . o Ga mbr i e l l vCa p or e l l i–d e f e n da n ts a wp l a i n t i ffs t r a n g l i n gh e rs o na n dr e a s on a b l ybe l i e v e dh i sl i f ewa si n d a n g e r , s od e f e n d a n ts t r u c kpl a i n t i ffwi t hg a r d e nf or kc a u s i n gs e v e ri n j u r yp l a i n t i ff.Co ur tf o u ndi nf a v o ur o fde f e n d a nt . DEFENCEOFOWNPROP ERTY Re a s on a b l ef or c ema yb eu s e dt od e f e n do n e ’ sp r o p e r t y( l a n da n dg o o d s )s ol o n ga st h ep e r s onus i n gf o r c ei si n  p o s s e s s i o no fg o o ds .

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o Ha c k s ha wvS h aw–Us eo ffir e a r msi sNOTe v e rj u s t i fia bl ei nde f e n c eo fpr o p e r t y . DEFENCEOFANOTHERSPROP ERTY Sa mea sde f e n c eo fo n...