Transport Processes and Separation Process Principles Fifth Edition CHRISTIE JOHN GEANKOPLIS A. ALLEN HERSEL DANIEL H. LEPEK PDF

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Transport Processes and Separation Process Principles Fifth Edition

CHRISTIE JOHN GEANKOPLIS A. ALLEN HERSEL DANIEL H. LEPEK

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Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed with initial capital letters or in all capitals. The authors and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this book, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained herein. For information about buying this title in bulk quantities, or for special sales opportunities (which may include electronic versions; custom cover designs; and content particular to your business, training goals, marketing focus, or branding interests), please contact our corporate sales department at [email protected] or (800) 382-3419. For government sales inquiries, please contact [email protected]. For questions about sales outside the U.S., please contact [email protected]. Visit us on the Web: informit.com Library of Congress Control Number: 2017956182 Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission must be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permissions, request forms and the appropriate contacts within the Pearson Education Global Rights & Permissions Department, please visit www.pearsoned.com/permissions/. ISBN-13: 978-0-13-418102-8 4

ISBN-10: 0-13-418102-6 1 18

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To my mom, my wife, and my three sons —Allen To my family, friends, and the many students that I have taught —Daniel

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Contents

Preface to the Fifth Edition About the Authors PART 1 TRANSPORT PROCESSES: MOMENTUM, HEAT, AND MASS Chapter 1 Introduction to Engineering Principles and Units 1.0 Chapter Objectives 1.1 Classification of Transport Processes and Separation Processes (Unit Operations) 1.1A Introduction 1.1B Fundamental Transport Processes 1.1C Classification of Separation Processes 1.1D Arrangement in Parts 1 and 2 1.2 SI System of Basic Units Used in This Text and Other Systems 1.2A SI System of Units 1.2B CGS System of Units 1.2C English FPS System of Units 1.2D Dimensionally Homogeneous Equations and Consistent Units 1.3 Methods of Expressing Temperatures and Compositions 1.3A Temperature 1.3B Mole Units and Weight or Mass Units 1.3C Concentration Units for Liquids 1.4 Gas Laws and Vapor Pressure 1.4A Pressure 1.4B Ideal Gas Law 1.4C Ideal Gas Mixtures 1.4D Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point of Liquids 1.5 Conservation of Mass and Material Balances 1.5A Conservation of Mass 7

1.6

1.7 1.8 1.9

1.5B Simple Material Balances 1.5C Material Balances and Recycle 1.5D Material Balances and Chemical Reaction Energy and Heat Units 1.6A Joule, Calorie, and Btu 1.6B Heat Capacity 1.6C Latent Heat and Steam Tables 1.6D Heat of Reaction Conservation of Energy and Heat Balances 1.7A Conservation of Energy 1.7B Heat Balances Numerical Methods for Integration 1.8A Introduction and Graphical Integration 1.8B Numerical Integration and Simpson’s Rule Chapter Summary

Chapter 2 Introduction to Fluids and Fluid Statics 2.0 Chapter Objectives 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Fluid Statics 2.2A Force, Units, and Dimensions 2.2B Pressure in a Fluid 2.2C Head of a Fluid 2.2D Devices to Measure Pressure and Pressure Differences 2.3 Chapter Summary Chapter 3 Fluid Properties and Fluid Flows 3.0 Chapter Objectives 3.1 Viscosity of Fluids 3.1A Newton’s Law of Viscosity 3.1B Momentum Transfer in a Fluid 3.1C Viscosities of Newtonian Fluids 3.2 Types of Fluid Flow and Reynolds Number 3.2A Introduction and Types of Fluid Flow 3.2B Laminar and Turbulent Flow 3.2C Reynolds Number 8

3.3 Chapter Summary Chapter 4 Overall Mass, Energy, and Momentum Balances 4.0 Chapter Objectives 4.1 Overall Mass Balance and Continuity Equation 4.1A Introduction and Simple Mass Balances 4.1B Control Volume for Balances 4.1C Overall Mass-Balance Equation 4.1D Average Velocity to Use in Overall Mass Balance 4.2 Overall Energy Balance 4.2A Introduction 4.2B Derivation of Overall Energy-Balance Equation 4.2C Overall Energy Balance for a Steady-State Flow System 4.2D Kinetic-Energy Velocity Correction Factor α 4.2E Applications of the Overall Energy-Balance Equation 4.2F Overall Mechanical-Energy Balance 4.2G Bernoulli Equation for Mechanical-Energy Balance 4.3 Overall Momentum Balance 4.3A Derivation of the General Equation 4.3B Overall Momentum Balance in a Flow System in One Direction 4.3C Overall Momentum Balance in Two Directions 4.3D Overall Momentum Balance for a Free Jet Striking a Fixed Vane 4.4 Shell Momentum Balance and Velocity Profile in Laminar Flow 4.4A Introduction 4.4B Shell Momentum Balance Inside a Pipe 4.4C Shell Momentum Balance for Falling Film 4.5 Chapter Summary Chapter 5 Incompressible and Compressible Flows in Pipes 5.0 Chapter Objectives 5.1 Design Equations for Laminar and Turbulent Flow in Pipes 5.1A Velocity Profiles in Pipes 5.1B Pressure Drop and Friction Loss in Laminar Flow 5.1C Pressure Drop and Friction Factor in Turbulent Flow 5.1D Pressure Drop and Friction Factor in the Flow of Gases 9

5.1E Effect of Heat Transfer on the Friction Factor 5.1F Friction Losses in Expansion, Contraction, and Pipe Fittings 5.1G Friction Loss in Noncircular Conduits 5.1H Entrance Section of a Pipe 5.1I Selection of Pipe Sizes 5.2 Compressible Flow of Gases 5.2A Introduction and Basic Equation for Flow in Pipes 5.2B Isothermal Compressible Flow 5.2C Adiabatic Compressible Flow 5.3 Measuring the Flow of Fluids 5.3A Pitot Tube 5.3B Venturi Meter 5.3C Orifice Meter 5.3D Flow-Nozzle Meter 5.3E Variable-Area Flow Meters (Rotameters) 5.3F Other Types of Flow Meters 5.3G Flow in Open Channels and Weirs 5.4 Chapter Summary Chapter 6 Flows in Packed and Fluidized Beds 6.0 Chapter Objectives 6.1 Flow Past Immersed Objects 6.1A Definition of Drag Coefficient for Flow Past Immersed Objects 6.1B Flow Past a Sphere, Long Cylinder, and Disk 6.2 Flow in Packed Beds 6.3 Flow in Fluidized Beds 6.4 Chapter Summary Chapter 7 Pumps, Compressors, and Agitation Equipment 7.0 Chapter Objectives 7.1 Pumps and Gas-Moving Equipment 7.1A Introduction 7.1B Pumps 7.1C Gas-Moving Machinery 7.1D Equations for Compression of Gases 7.2 Agitation, Mixing of Fluids, and Power Requirements 10

7.2A Purposes of Agitation 7.2B Equipment for Agitation 7.2C Flow Patterns in Agitation 7.2D Typical “Standard” Design of a Turbine 7.2E Power Used in Agitated Vessels 7.2F Agitator Scale-Up 7.2G Mixing Times of Miscible Liquids 7.2H Flow Number and Circulation Rate in Agitation 7.2I Special Agitation Systems 7.2J Mixing of Powders, Viscous Materials, and Pastes 7.3 Chapter Summary Chapter 8 Differential Equations of Fluid Flow 8.0 Chapter Objectives 8.1 Differential Equations of Continuity 8.1A Introduction 8.1B Types of Time Derivatives and Vector Notation 8.1C Differential Equation of Continuity 8.2 Differential Equations of Momentum Transfer or Motion 8.2A Derivation of Equations of Momentum Transfer 8.2B Equations of Motion for Newtonian Fluids with Varying Density and Viscosity 8.2C Equations of Motion for Newtonian Fluids with Constant Density and Viscosity 8.3 Use of Differential Equations of Continuity and Motion 8.3A Introduction 8.3B Differential Equations of Continuity and Motion for Flow Between Parallel Plates 8.3C Differential Equations of Continuity and Motion for Flow in Stationary and Rotating Cylinders 8.4 Chapter Summary Chapter 9 Non-Newtonian Fluids 9.0 Chapter Objectives 9.1 Non-Newtonian Fluids 9.1A Types of Non-Newtonian Fluids 9.1B Time-Independent Fluids 11

9.2

9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6

9.1C Time-Dependent Fluids 9.1D Viscoelastic Fluids 9.1E Laminar Flow of Time-Independent Non-Newtonian Fluids Friction Losses for Non-Newtonian Fluids 9.2A Friction Losses in Contractions, Expansions, and Fittings in Laminar Flow 9.2B Turbulent Flow and Generalized Friction Factors Velocity Profiles for Non-Newtonian Fluids Determination of Flow Properties of Non-Newtonian Fluids Using a Rotational Viscometer Power Requirements in Agitation and Mixing of Non-Newtonian Fluids Chapter Summary

Chapter 10 Potential Flow and Creeping Flow 10.0 Chapter Objectives 10.1 Other Methods for Solution of Differential Equations of Motion 10.1A Introduction 10.2 Stream Function 10.3 Differential Equations of Motion for Ideal Fluids (Inviscid Flow) 10.4 Potential Flow and Velocity Potential 10.5 Differential Equations of Motion for Creeping Flow 10.6 Chapter Summary Chapter 11 Boundary-Layer and Turbulent Flow 11.0 Chapter Objectives 11.1 Boundary-Layer Flow 11.1A Boundary-Layer Flow 11.1B Boundary-Layer Separation and the Formation of Wakes 11.1C Laminar Flow and Boundary-Layer Theory 11.2 Turbulent Flow 11.2A Nature and Intensity of Turbulence 11.2B Turbulent Shear or Reynolds Stresses 11.2C Prandtl Mixing Length 11.2D Universal Velocity Distribution in Turbulent Flow 11.3 Turbulent Boundary-Layer Analysis 11.3A Integral Momentum Balance for Boundary-Layer Analysis 12

11.4 Chapter Summary Chapter 12 Introduction to Heat Transfer 12.0 Chapter Objectives 12.1 Energy and Heat Units 12.1A Joule, Calorie, and Btu 12.1B Heat Capacity 12.1C Latent Heat and Steam Tables 12.1D Heat of Reaction 12.2 Conservation of Energy and Heat Balances 12.2A Conservation of Energy 12.2B Heat Balances 12.3 Conduction and Thermal Conductivity 12.3A Introduction to Steady-State Heat Transfer 12.3B Conduction as a Basic Mechanism of Heat Transfer 12.3C Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction 12.3D Thermal Conductivity 12.4 Convection 12.4A Convection as a Basic Mechanism of Heat Transfer 12.4B Convective Heat-Transfer Coefficient 12.5 Radiation 12.5A Radiation, a Basic Mechanism of Heat Transfer 12.5B Radiation to a Small Object from Its Surroundings 12.6 Heat Transfer with Multiple Mechanisms/Materials 12.6A Plane Walls in Series 12.6B Conduction Through Materials in Parallel 12.6C Combined Radiation and Convection Heat Transfer 12.7 Chapter Summary Chapter 13 Steady-State Conduction 13.0 Chapter Objectives 13.1 Conduction Heat Transfer 13.1A Conduction Through a Flat Slab or Wall (Some Review of Chapter 12) 13.1B Conduction Through a Hollow Cylinder 13.1C Multilayer Cylinders 13.1D Conduction Through a Hollow Sphere 13

13.2 Conduction Through Solids in Series or Parallel with Convection 13.2A Combined Convection, Conduction, and Overall Coefficients 13.2B Log Mean Temperature Difference and Varying Temperature Drop 13.2C Critical Thickness of Insulation for a Cylinder 13.2D Contact Resistance at an Interface 13.3 Conduction with Internal Heat Generation 13.3A Conduction with Internal Heat Generation 13.4 Steady-State Conduction in Two Dimensions Using Shape Factors 13.4A Introduction and Graphical Method for Two-Dimensional Conduction 13.4B Shape Factors in Conduction 13.5 Numerical Methods for Steady-State Conduction in Two Dimensions 13.5A Analytical Equation for Conduction 13.5B Finite-Difference Numerical Methods 13.6 Chapter Summary Chapter 14 Principles of Unsteady-State Heat Transfer 14.0 Chapter Objectives 14.1 Derivation of the Basic Equation 14.1A Introduction 14.1B Derivation of the Unsteady-State Conduction Equation 14.2 Simplified Case for Systems with Negligible Internal Resistance 14.2A Basic Equation 14.2B Equation for Different Geometries 14.2C Total Amount of Heat Transferred 14.3 Unsteady-State Heat Conduction in Various Geometries 14.3A Introduction and Analytical Methods 14.3B Unsteady-State Conduction in a Semi-infinite Solid 14.3C Unsteady-State Conduction in a Large Flat Plate 14.3D Unsteady-State Conduction in a Long Cylinder 14.3E Unsteady-State Conduction in a Sphere 14.3F Unsteady-State Conduction in Two- and ThreeDimensional Systems 14.3G Charts for Average Temperature in a Plate, Cylinder, and 14

14.4

14.5

14.6

14.7

Sphere with Negligible Surface Resistance Numerical Finite-Difference Methods for Unsteady-State Conduction 14.4A Unsteady-State Conduction in a Slab 14.4B Boundary Conditions for Numerical Method for a Slab 14.4C Other Numerical Methods for Unsteady-State Conduction Chilling and Freezing of Food and Biological Materials 14.5A Introduction 14.5B Chilling of Food and Biological Materials 14.5C Freezing of Food and Biological Materials Differential Equation of Energy Change 14.6A Introduction 14.6B Derivation of Differential Equation of Energy Change 14.6C Special Cases of the Equation of Energy Change Chapter Summary

Chapter 15 Introduction to Convection 15.0 Chapter Objectives 15.1 Introduction and Dimensional Analysis in Heat Transfer 15.1A Introduction to Convection (Review) 15.1B Introduction to Dimensionless Groups 15.1C Buckingham Method 15.2 Boundary-Layer Flow and Turbulence in Heat Transfer 15.2A Laminar Flow and Boundary-Layer Theory in Heat Transfer 15.2B Approximate Integral Analysis of the Thermal Boundary Layer 15.2C Prandtl Mixing Length and Eddy Thermal Diffusivity 15.3 Forced Convection Heat Transfer Inside Pipes 15.3A Heat-Transfer Coefficient for Laminar Flow Inside a Pipe 15.3B Heat-Transfer Coefficient for Turbulent Flow Inside a Pipe 15.3C Heat-Transfer Coefficient for Transition Flow Inside a Pipe 15.3D Heat-Transfer Coefficient for Noncircular Conduits 15.3E Entrance-Region Effect on the Heat-Transfer Coefficient 15.3F Liquid-Metals Heat-Transfer Coefficient 15.4 Heat Transfer Outside Various Geometries in Forced Convection 15.4A Introduction 15

15.5 15.6 15.7

15.8

15.9

15.4B Flow Parallel to a Flat Plate 15.4C Cylinder with Axis Perpendicular to Flow 15.4D Flow Past a Single Sphere 15.4E Flow Past Banks of Tubes or Cylinders 15.4F Heat Transfer for Flow in Packed Beds Natural Convection Heat Transfer 15.5A Introduction 15.5B Natural Convection from Various Geometries Boiling and Condensation 15.6A Boiling 15.6B Condensation Heat Transfer of Non-Newtonian Fluids 15.7A Introduction 15.7B Heat Transfer Inside Tubes 15.7C Natural Convection Special Heat-Transfer Coefficients 15.8A Heat Transfer in Agitated Vessels 15.8B Scraped-Surface Heat Exchangers 15.8C Extended Surface or Finned Exchangers Chapter Summary

Chapter 16 Heat Exchangers 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6

Chapter Objectives Types of Exchangers Log-Mean-Temperature-Difference Correction Factors Heat-Exchanger Effectiveness Fouling Factors and Typical Overall U Values Double-Pipe Heat Exchanger Chapter Summary

Chapter 17 Introduction to Radiation Heat Transfer 17.0 Chapter Objectives 17.1 Introduction to Radiation Heat-Transfer Concepts 17.1A Introduction and Basic Equation for Radiation 17.1B Radiation to a Small Object from Its Surroundings 17.1C Effect of Radiation on the Temperature Measurement of a Gas 16

17.2 Basic and Advanced Radiation Heat-Transfer Principles 17.2A Introduction and Radiation Spectrum 17.2B Derivation of View Factors in Radiation for Various Geometries 17.2C View Factors When Surfaces Are Connected by Reradiating Walls 17.2D View Factors and Gray Bodies 17.2E Radiation in Absorbing Gases 17.3 Chapter Summary Chapter 18 Introduction to Mass Transfer 18.0 Chapter Objectives 18.1 Introduction to Mass Transfer and Diffusion 18.1A Similarity of Mass, Heat, and Momentum Transfer Processes 18.1B Examples of Mass-Transfer Processes 18.1C Fick’s Law for Molecular Diffusion 18.1D General Case for Diffusion of Gases A and B plus Convection 18.2 Diffusion Coefficient 18.2A Diffusion Coefficients for Gases 18.2B Diffusion Coefficients for Liquids 18.2C Prediction of Diffusivities in Liquids 18.2D Prediction of Diffusivities of Electrolytes in Liquids 18.2E Diffusion of Biological Solutes in Liquids 18.3 Convective Mass Transfer 18.3A Convective Mass-Transfer Coefficient 18.4 Molecular Diffusion Plus Convection and Chemical Reaction 18.4A Different Types of Fluxes and Fick’s Law 18.4B Equation of Continuity for a Binary Mixture 18.4C Special Cases of the Equation of Continuity 18.5 Chapter Summary Chapter 19 Steady-State Mass Transfer 19.0 Chapter Objectives 19.1 Molecular Diffusion in Gases 19.1A Equimolar Counterdiffusion in Gases 17

19.2 19.3

19.4

19.5 19.6 19.7

19.8

19.1B Special Case for A Diffusing Through Stagnant, Nondiffusing B 19.1C Diffusion Through a Varying Cross-Sectional Area 19.1D Multicomponent Diffusion of Gases Molecular Diffusion in Liquids 19.2A Introduction 19.2B Equations for Diffusion in Liquids Molecular Diffusion in Solids 19.3A Introduction and Types of Diffusion in Solids 19.3B Diffusion in Solids Following Fick’s Law 19.3C Diffusion in Porous Solids That Depends on Structure Diffusion of Gases in Porous Solids and Capillaries 19.4A Introduction 19.4B Knudsen Diffusion of Gases 19.4C Molecular Diffusion of Gases 19.4D Transition-Region Diffusion of Gases 19.4E Flux Ratios for Diffusion of Gases in Capillaries 19.4F Diffusion of Gases in Porous Solids Diffusion in Biological Gels Special Cases of the General Diffusion Equation at Steady State 19.6A Special Cases of the General Diffusion Equation at Steady State Numerical Methods for Steady-State Molecular Diffusion in Two Dimensions 19.7A Derivation of Equations for Numerical Methods 19.7B Equations for Special Boundary Conditions for Numerical Method Chapter Summary

Chapter 20 Unsteady-State Mass Transfer 20.0 Chapter Objectives 20.1 Unsteady-State Diffusion 20.1A Derivation of a Basic Equation 20.1B Diffusion in a Flat Plate with Negligible Surface Resistance 20.1C Unsteady-State Diffusion in Various Geometries 20.2 Unsteady-State Diffusion and Reaction in a Semi-Infinite Medium 20.2A Unsteady-State Diffusion and Reaction in a Semi-Infinite 18

Medium 20.3 Numerical Methods for Unsteady-State Molecular Diffusion 20.3A Introduction 20.3B Unsteady-State Numerical Methods for Diffusion 20.3C Boundary Conditions for Numerical Methods for a Slab 20.4 Chapter Summary Chapter 21 Convective Mass Transfer 21.0 Chapter Objectives 21.1 Convective Mass Transfer 21.1A Introduction to Convective Mass Transfer 21.1B Types of Mass-Transfer Coefficients 21.1C Mass-Transfer Coefficients for the General Case of A and B Diffusing and Convective Flow Using Film Theory 21.1D Mass-Transfer Coefficients under High Flux Conditions 21.1E Methods for Experimentally Determining Mass-Transfer Coefficients 21.2 Di...