Triola Formulas And Tables PDF

Preview

Summary

formulas de estadisitca para lograr hacer algunos problemas...

Description

Formulas and Tables for Elementary Statistics, Tenth Edition, by Mario F. Triola Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

Ch. 3: Descriptive Statistics

Ch. 7: Confidence Intervals (one population)

x⫽

Sx n

x⫽

Sf . x Mean (frequency table) Sf

s⫽

Å

s⫽

Å

s⫽

Å

ˆp ⫺ E ⬍ p ⬍ p ˆ ⫹E

Mean

S(x 2 x) 2

where E 5 za>2

n( Sx2 ) 2 ( Sx) 2

Mean s where E 5 za>2 (s known ) !n s or E 5 ta>2 (s unknown) !n

n(n 2 1)

Standard deviation (shortcut)

n3S(f . x 2 ) 4 2 3S(f . x) 4 2 n(n 2 1)

Standard deviation (frequency table)

variance ⫽ s2

Ån

x2E,m,x1E

Standard deviation

n21

Proportion ˆpqˆ

(n 2 1)s2 x R2

, s2 ,

(n 2 1)s2 x L2

Variance

Ch. 7: Sample Size Determination

Ch. 4: Probability n5 P (A or B) 5 P (A) 1 P(B) if A, B are mutually exclusive P (A or B) 5 P (A) 1 P(B) 2 P (A and B) if A, B are not mutually exclusive P(A and B) 5 P(A) . P (B) if A, B are independent P(A and B) 5 P(A) . P (B 0A) if A, B are dependent P(A) 5 1 2 P(A) Rule of complements n! Permutations (no elements alike) nPr 5 (n 2 r)! n! Permutations (n1 alike, ...) n1! n2! . . . nk ! n! Combinations nCr 5 (n 2 r)! r!

n5

3za>24 2 . 0.25

E2 3za>24 2pˆ qˆ

n 5 B

E2 za>2s E

Proportion

Proportion ( ˆp andqˆ are known) R

2

Mean

Ch. 9: Confidence Intervals (two populations) (pˆ 1 2 pˆ 2 ) 2 E , (p1 2 p2 ) , (pˆ 1 2 pˆ 2 ) 1 E ˆ 2qˆ 2 ˆ 1qˆ 1 p p 1 where E 5 za>2 n2 Å n1

Ch. 5: Probability Distributions

(x1 2 x2 ) 2 E , (m1 2 m 2 ) , (x1 2 x2 ) 1 E

␮ ⫽ ⌺x . P(x) Mean (prob. dist.) ␴ ⫽ 兹 [⌺x 2 . P(x )] ⫺ ␮ 2 Standard deviation (prob. dist.) n! . px . qn⫺x Binomial probability P( x ) ⫽ (n ⫺ x)! x! Mean (binomial) ␮⫽ n.p 2 . . Variance (binomial) ␴ ⫽n p q

s2 s2 where E 5 ta>2 n1 1 2 n 1 2 Å

␴ ⫽ 兹n . p . q x

P( x ) ⫽

⫺␮

␮ .e x!

Standard deviation (binomial) Poisson Distribution where e ⬇ 2.71828

Ch. 6: Normal Distribution x ⫺␮ x⫺x Standard score or ␴ s ␮x⫺ ⫽ ␮ Central limit theorem

z⫽

␴⫺ x ⫽

␴

兹n

Central limit theorem (Standard error)

(df ⫽ smaller of n1 ⫺ 1, n2 ⫺ 1)

‹

(s1 and s2 unknown and not assumed equal) sp2 s2p 1  (df 5 n1 1 n2 2 2) E 5 ta>2 n2 Å n1 (n1 2 1)s12 1 (n2 2 1)s22 2 sp 5 ( n1 2 1) 1 ( n2 2 1) (s1 and s2 unknown but assumed equal) s 22 s 12 1 E 5 za>2 n2 Å n1

‹

(s1, s2 known) d 2 E , m d , d 1 E (Matched Pairs) sd where E 5 ta>2 (df ⫽ n ⫺ 1) !n

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.

‹

(Indep.)

Formulas and Tables for Elementary Statistics, Tenth Edition, by Mario F. Triola Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

Ch. 8: Test Statistics (one population) pˆ 2 p

z5

z5

pq Å n x2m

s> !n x2m

Proportion—one population

Correlation r 5

Mean—one population (␴ known)

b1 5

s> !n (n 2 1)s2 2 x 5 s2 t5

Ch. 10: Linear Correlation/Regression

Mean—one population (␴ unknown)

r2 5

pq pq 1n 2 Å n1

df ⫽ smaller of n1 ⫺ 1, n2 ⫺ 1

‹

s2 s21 1 2 Å n1 n2 Two means—independent; s1 and s2 unknown, and not assumed equal.

(x1 2 x2 ) 2 (m1 2 m 2 )

t5

Two proportions

Å n1

‹

s2p

1

‹

sp2 n2

(df ⫽ n1 ⫹ n2 ⫺ 2) sp2 5

(n1 2 1)s21 1 (n2 2 1)s22 n1 1 n2 2 2

Two means—independent; s1 and s2 unknown, but assumed equal. (x1 2 x2 ) 2 (m1 2 m 2 )

z5

t5

s 22 s 21 1 n2 Å n1 sd> !n

d 2 md

F5

s21 s22

Two means—independent; ␴1, ␴2 known.

Two means—matched pairs (df ⫽ n ⫺ 1)

Standard deviation or variance— two populations (where s 12 ⱖ s 2 2)

Ch. 11: Multinomial and Contingency Tables x2 5 g x2 5 g

(O 2 E) 2

x 5

explained variation total variation Å

S(y 2 yˆ ) 2 n22

or

where E ⫽ t ␣兾2se

Å

Sy 2 2 b0Sy 2 b1Sxy n22

Prediction interval

冑

1⫹

n(x 0 ⫺ x)2 1 ⫹ n n(⌺x 2) ⫺ (⌺x)2

Ch. 12: One-Way Analysis of a Variance Procedure for testing H0: m1 5 m2 5 m 3 5 c 1. Use software or calculator to obtain results. 2. Identify the P-value. 3. Form conclusion: If P-value ⱕ a, reject the null hypothesis of equal means. If P ⬎ a, fail to reject the null hypothesis of equal means.

Ch. 12: Two-Way Analysis of Variance Procedure: 1. Use software or a calculator to obtain results. 2. Test H0: There is no interaction between the row factor and column factor. 3. Stop if H0 from Step 1 is rejected. If H0 from Step 1 is not rejected (so there does not appear to be an interaction effect), proceed with these two tests: Test for effects from the row factor. Test for effects from the column factor.

Multinomial (df ⫽ k ⫺ 1) Contingency table [df ⫽ (r ⫺ 1)(c ⫺ 1)] (row total) (column total)

E (O 2 E) 2 E

where E 5 2

se 5

(Sy) (Sx2 ) 2 ( Sx) (Sxy)

n(Sx2 ) 2 (Sx) 2 Estimated eq. of regression line

yˆ ⫺ E ⬍ y ⬍ yˆ ⫹ E

(x1 2 x2 ) 2 (m1 2 m 2 )

t5

n(Sx2 ) 2 (Sx) 2

yˆ 5 b0 1 b1x

Ch. 9: Test Statistics (two populations) z5

nSxy 2 ( Sx) (Sy)

b0 5 y 2 b1x or b0 5

Standard deviation or variance— one population

(pˆ 1 2 pˆ 2 ) 2 (p1 2 p2 )

"n(Sx ) 2 (Sx) 2"n(Sy 2 ) 2 (Sy) 2 nSxy 2 (Sx) (Sy)

2

( 0 b 2 c 0 2 1) 2 b1c

(grand total) McNemar’s test for matched pairs (df ⫽ 1)

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.

Formulas and Tables for Elementary Statistics, Tenth Edition, by Mario F. Triola Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

Ch. 13: Nonparametric Tests

TABLE A-6 z5

z5

!n>2

(x 1 0.5) 2 (n>2)

Sign test for n ⬎ 25

T 2 n(n 1 1)>4

Wilcoxon signed ranks n(n 1 1) (2n 1 1) (matched pairs and n ⬎ 30) 24 Å

R2 mR 5 z5 sR

H5

R2 Å

n1 (n1 1 n2 1 1)

2 n1n2 (n1 1 n2 1 1)

Wilcoxon rank-sum (two independent samples)

12

R22 Rk2 R12 12 1 1...1 b 2 3(N 1 1) a nk N(N 1 1) n1 n2 Kruskal-Wallis (chi-square df ⫽ k ⫺ 1)

rs 5 1 2

6Sd 2 n(n2 2 1)

Rank correlation

acritical value for n . 30:

G 2 mG 5 z5 sG

6z b !n 2 1

2n1n2 1 1b G2a n1 1 n2

Runs test (2n1n2 ) (2n1n2 2 n1 2 n2 ) for n ⬎ 20

Å ( n1 1 n2 ) 2 ( n1 1 n2 2 1)

Ch. 14: Control Charts R chart: Plot sample ranges UCL: D4R Centerline: R LCL: D3R x chart: Plot sample means UCL: xx 1 A 2R

Critical Values of the Pearson Correlation Coefficient r a ⫽ .05

a ⫽ .01

4 5 6 7

.950 .878 .811 .754

.999 .959 .917 .875

8 9 10 11

.707 .666 .632 .602

.834 .798 .765 .735

12 13 14 15

.576 .553 .532 .514

.708 .684 .661 .641

16 17 18 19

.497 .482 .468 .456

.623 .606 .590 .575

20 25 30 35

.444 .396 .361 .335

.561 .505 .463 .430

40 45 50 60

.312 .294 .279 .254

.402 .378 .361 .330

70 80 90 100

.236 .220 .207 .196

.305 .286 .269 .256

n

NOTE: To test H0: r ⫽ 0 against H1: r ⬆ 0, reject H0 if the absolute value of r is greater than the critical value in the table.

Centerline: x Control Chart Constants

LCL: xx 2 A 2R p chart: Plot sample proportions pq UCL: p 1 3 Å n Centerline: p LCL: p 2 3

pq Å n

Subgroup Size n

A2

D3

D4

2 3 4 5 6 7

1.880 1.023 0.729 0.577 0.483 0.419

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.076

3.267 2.574 2.282 2.114 2.004 1.924

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.

FINDING P-VALUES

Start

Right-tailed

What type of test ?

Left - tailed

Two -tailed Left

P - value ⫽ twice the area to the left of the test statistic

P - value ⫽ area to the left of the test statistic P - value

Is the test statistic Right to the right or left of center ?

P - value ⫽ twice the area to the right of the test statistic P - value is twice this area.

P - value is twice this area.

Test statistic Start

Test statistic

Test statistic

HYPOTHESIS TEST: WORDING OF FINAL CONCLUSION

Does the original claim contain Yes the condition of (Original claim equality? contains equality)

Do you reject H0 ?

Yes (Reject H 0 )

No (Fail to reject H 0 )

No (Original claim does not contain equality and becomes H 1)

P - value ⫽ area to the right of the test statistic

Do you reject H0 ?

Yes (Reject H 0 )

No (Fail to reject H 0 )

Test statistic

Wording of final conclusion “There is sufficient evidence to warrant rejection of the claim that . . . (original claim).”

or Normal distribution: or

(This is the only case in which the original claim is rejected.)

“There is not sufficient evidence to warrant rejection of the claim that . . . (original claim).” “The sample data support the claim  that . . . (original claim).” “There is not sufficient sample evidence to  support the claim that . . . (original claim).”

Inferences about M: choosing between t and normal distributions t distribution:

P - value

s not known and normally distributed population s not known and n ⬎ 30 s known and normally distributed population s known and n ⬎ 30

Nonparametric method or bootstrapping: Population not normally distrubted and n ⱕ 30

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.

(This is the only case in which the original claim is supported.)

NEGATIVE z Scores z

TABLE A-2

0

Standard Normal (z) Distribution: Cumulative Area from the LEFT

z

.00

.01

.02

.03

⫺3.50 and lower ⫺3.4 ⫺3.3 ⫺3.2 ⫺3.1 ⫺3.0 ⫺2.9 ⫺2.8 ⫺2.7 ⫺2.6 ⫺2.5 ⫺2.4 ⫺2.3 ⫺2.2 ⫺2.1 ⫺2.0 ⫺1.9 ⫺1.8 ⫺1.7 ⫺1.6 ⫺1.5 ⫺1.4 ⫺1.3 ⫺1.2 ⫺1.1 ⫺1.0 ⫺0.9 ⫺0.8 ⫺0.7 ⫺0.6 ⫺0.5 ⫺0.4 ⫺0.3 ⫺0.2 ⫺0.1 ⫺0.0

.0001 .0003 .0005 .0007 .0010 .0013 .0019 .0026 .0035 .0047 .0062 .0082 .0107 .0139 .0179 .0228 .0287 .0359 .0446 .0548 .0668 .0808 .0968 .1151 .1357 .1587 .1841 .2119 .2420 .2743 .3085 .3446 .3821 .4207 .4602 .5000

.0003 .0005 .0007 .0009 .0013 .0018 .0025 .0034 .0045 .0060 .0080 .0104 .0136 .0174 .0222 .0281 .0351 .0436 .0537 .0655 .0793 .0951 .1131 .1335 .1562 .1814 .2090 .2389 .2709 .3050 .3409 .3783 .4168 .4562 .4960

.0003 .0005 .0006 .0009 .0013 .0018 .0024 .0033 .0044 .0059 .0078 .0102 .0132 .0170 .0217 .0274 .0344 .0427 .0526 .0643 .0778 .0934 .1112 .1314 .1539 .1788 .2061 .2358 .2676 .3015 .3372 .3745 .4129 .4522 .4920

.0003 .0004 .0006 .0009 .0012 .0017 .0023 .0032 .0043 .0057 .0075 .0099 .0129 .0166 .0212 .0268 .0336 .0418 .0516 .0630 .0764 .0918 .1093 .1292 .1515 .1762 .2033 .2327 .2643 .2981 .3336 .3707 .4090 .4483 .4880

.04

.0003 .0004 .0006 .0008 .0012 .0016 .0023 .0031 .0041 .0055 .0073 .0096 .0125 .0162 .0207 .0262 .0329 .0409 .0505 * .0618 .0749 .0901 .1075 .1271 .1492 .1736 .2005 .2296 .2611 .2946 .3300 .3669 .4052 .4443 .4840

.05

.06

.0003 .0004 .0006 .0008 .0011 .0016 .0022 .0030 .0040 .0054 .0071 .0094 .0122 .0158 .0202 .0256 .0322 .0401 .0495 .0606 .0735 .0885 .1056 .1251 .1469 .1711 .1977 .2266 .2578 .2912 .3264 .3632 .4013 .4404 .4801

.0003 .0004 .0006 .0008 .0011 .0015 .0021 .0029 .0039 .0052 .0069 .0091 .0119 .0154 .0197 .0250 .0314 .0392 .0485 .0594 .0721 .0869 .1038 .1230 .1446 .1685 .1949 .2236 .2546 .2877 .3228 .3594 .3974 .4364 .4761

.07

.0003 .0004 .0005 .0008 .0011 .0015 .0021 .0028 .0038 .0051 * .0068 .0089 .0116 .0150 .0192 .0244 .0307 .0384 .0475 .0582 .0708 .0853 .1020 .1210 .1423 .1660 .1922 .2206 .2514 .2843 .3192 .3557 .3936 .4325 .4721

NOTE: For values of z below ⫺3.49, use 0.0001 for the area. *Use these common values that result from interpolation: z score

Area

⫺1.645 ⫺2.575

0.0500 0.0050

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.

.08

.09

.0003 .0004 .0005 .0007 .0010 .0014 .0020 .0027 .0037 .0049 .0066 .0087 .0113 .0146 .0188 .0239 .0301 .0375 .0465 .0571 .0694 .0838 .1003 .1190 .1401 .1635 .1894 .2177 .2483 .2810 .3156 .3520 .3897 .4286 .4681

.0002 .0003 .0005 .0007 .0010 .0014 .0019 .0026 .0036 .0048 .0064 .0084 .0110 .0143 .0183 .0233 .0294 .0367 .0455 .0559 .0681 .0823 .0985 .1170 .1379 .1611 .1867 .2148 .2451 .2776 .3121 .3483 .3859 .4247 .4641

POSITIVE z Scores 0

TABLE A-2

z

(continued) Cumulative Area from the LEFT

z

.00

.01

.02

.03

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.50 and up

.5000 .5398 .5793 .6179 .6554 .6915 .7257 .7580 .7881 .8159 .8413 .8643 .8849 .9032 .9192 .9332 .9452 .9554 .9641 .9713 .9772 .9821 .9861 .9893 .9918 .9938 .9953 .9965 .9974 .9981 .9987 .9990 .9993 .9995 .9997 .9999

.5040 .5438 .5832 .6217 .6591 .6950 .7291 .7611 .7910 .8186 .8438 .8665 .8869 .9049 .9207 .9345 .9463 .9564 .9649 .9719 .9778 .9826 .9864 .9896 .9920 .9940 .9955 .9966 .9975 .9982 .9987 .9991 .9993 .9995 .9997

.5080 .5478 .5871 .6255 .6628 .6985 .7324 .7642 .7939 .8212 .8461 .8686 .8888 .9066 .9222 .9357 .9474 .9573 .9656 .9726 .9783 .9830 .9868 .9898 .9922 .9941 .9956 .9967 .9976 .9982 .9987 .9991 .9994 .9995 .9997

.5120 .5517 .5910 .6293 .6664 .7019 .7357 .7673 .7967 .8238 .8485 .8708 .8907 .9082 .9236 .9370 .9484 .9582 .9664 .9732 .9788 .9834 .9871 .9901 .9925 .9943 .9957 .9968 .9977 .9983 .9988 .9991 .9994 .9996 .9997

.04 .5160 .5557 .5948 .6331 .6700 .7054 .7389 .7704 .7995 .8264 .8508 .8729 .8925 .9099 .9251 .9382 .9495 * .9591 .9671 .9738 .9793 .9838 .9875 .9904 .9927 .9945 .9959 .9969 .9977 .9984 .9988 .9992 .9994 .9996 .9997

.05

.06

.5199 .5596 .5987 .6368 .6736 .7088 .7422 .7734 .8023 .8289 .8531 .8749 .8944 .9115 .9265 .9394 .9505 .9599 .9678 .9744 .9798 .9842 .9878 .9906 .9929 .9946 .9960 .9970 .9978 .9984 .9989 .9992 .9994 .9996 .9997

.5239 .5636 .6026 .6406 .6772 .7123 .7454 .7764 .8051 .8315 .8554 .8770 .8962 .9131 .9279 .9406 .9515 .9608 .9686 .9750 .9803 .9846 .9881 .9909 .9931 .9948 .9961 .9971 .9979 .9985 .9989 .9992 .9994 .9996 .9997

.07 .5279 .5675 .6064 .6443 .6808 .7157 .7486 .7794 .8078 .8340 .8577 .8790 .8980 .9147 .9292 .9418 .9525 .9616 .9693 .9756 .9808 .9850 .9884 .9911 .9932 .9949 * .9962 .9972 .9979 .9985 .9989 .9992 .9995 .9996 .9997

NOTE: For values of z above 3.49, use 0.9999 for the area. *Use these common values that result from interpolation:

.08

.09

.5319 .5714 .6103 .6480 .6844 .7190 .7517 .7823 .8106 .8365 .8599 .8810 .8997 .9162 .9306 .9429 .9535 .9625 .9699 .9761 .9812 .9854 .9887 .9913 .9934 .9951 .9963 .9973 .9980 .9986 .9990 .9993 .9995 .9996 .9997

.5359 .5753 .6141 .6517 .6879 .7224 .7549 .7852 .8133 .8389 .8621 .8830 .9015 .9177 .9319 .9441 .9545 .9633 .9706 .9767 .9817 .9857 .9890 .9916 .9936 .9952 .9964 .9974 .9981 .9986 .9990 .9993 .9995 .9997 .9998

Common Critical Values

z score

Area

Confidence Level

Critical Value

1.645

0.9500

0.90

1.645

2.575

0.9950

0.95

1.960

0.99

2.575

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.

TABLE A-3

Degrees of Freedom 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 34 36 38 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 90 100 200 300 400 500 750 1000 2000 Large

t Distribution: Critical t Values 0.005

0.01

Area in One Tail 0.025

0.05

0.10

0.01

0.02

Area in Two Tails 0.05

0.10

0.20

63.657 9.925 5.841 4.604 4.032 3.707 3.499 3.355 3.250 3.169 3.106 3.055 3.012 2.977 2.947 2.921 2.898 2.878 2.861 2.845 2.831 2.819 2.807 2.797 2.787 2.779 2.771 2.763 2.756 2.750 2.744 2.738 2.728 2.719 2.712 2.704 2.690 2.678 2.668 2.660 2.654 2.648 2.643 2.639 2.632 2.626 2.601 2.592 2.588 2.586 2.582 2.581 2.578 2.576

31.821 6.965 4.541 3.747 3.365 3.143 2.998 2.896 2.821 2.764 2.718 2.681 2.650 2.624 2.602 2.583 2.567 2.552 2.539 2.528 2.518 2.508 2.500 2.492 2.485 2.479 2.473 2.467 2.462 2.457 2.453 2.449 2.441 2.434 2.429 2.423 2.412 2.403 2.396 2.390 2.385 2.381 2.377 2.374 2.368 2.364 2.345 2.339 2.336 2.334 2.331 2.330 2.328 2.326

12.706 4.303 3.182 2.776 2.571 2.447 2.365 2.306 2.262 2.228 2.201 2.179 2.160 2.145 2.131 2.120 2.110 2.101 2.093 2.086 2.080 2.074 2.069 2.064 2.060 2.056 2.052 2.048 2.045 2.042 2.040 2.037 2.032 2.028 2.024 2.021 2.014 2.009 2.004 2.000 1.997 1.994 1.992 1.990 1.987 1.984 1.972 1.968 1.966 1.965 1.963 1.962 1.961 1.960

6.314 2.920 2.353 2.132 2.015 1.943 1.895 1.860 1.833 1.812 1.796 1.782 1.771 1.761 1.753 1.746 1.740 1.734 1.729 1.725 1.721 1.717 1.714 1.711 1.708 1.706 1.703 1.701 1.699 1.697 1.696 1.694 1.691 1.688 1.686 1.684 1.679 1.676 1.673 1.671 1.669 1.667 1.665 1.664 1.662 1.660 1.653 1.650 1.649 1.648 1.647 1.646 1.646 1.645

3.078 1.886 1.638 1.533 1.476 1.440 1.415 1.397 1.383 1.372 1.363 1.356 1.350 1.345 1.341 1.337 1.333 1.330 1.328 1.325 1.323 1.321 1.319 1.318 1.316 1.315 1.314 1.313 1.311 1.310 1.309 1.309 1.307 1.306 1.304 1.303 1.301 1.299 1.297 1.296 1.295 1.294 1.293 1.292 1.291 1.290 1.286 1.284 1.284 1.283 1.283 1.282 1.282 1.282

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.

Formulas and Tables for Elementary Statistics, Tenth Edition, by Mario F. Triola Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. TABLE A-4

Chi-Square (x2 ) Distribution Area to the Right of the Critical Value

Degrees of Freedom

0.995

0.99

0.975

0.95

0.90

0.10

0.05

0.025

0.01
<...