Tropes and Schemes PDF

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Poetry Zusammenfassung, Tropes and Schemes...

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POETRY

Poetic communication 1) poetic form (metre, stanzas, rhyme,..) 2) rhetorical from (figurative language Rhetorcial Form (figures of speech) a) Tropes (Wortfigur): are words, phrases used for unusual or interesting meaning and effect, BEYOND their literal meaning (=double meanings) b) Schemes: (Satzfiguren) deviate from ordinary syntax, letters or word order --> patterns of words/ phrases (e.g. repetitions, emphasis, unusuasl word wusage or syntax, anaphoras, alliterations, assonances

TROPES: 1. Simile: explicit comparison between two things using like or as e.g.: Oh my love is like a red red rose! 2. Metaphor: states that one thing IS another thing, sparking off associations to transfer meanings (smth. stands for smth., some qualities --> creates a picture 3. Metonomy: a type of metaphor wherein the name or concept of an object is replaced to describe smth. closely related to it, e.g. crown is used to mean king, The White House shifts focus of attention to element within one conceptual field, as opposed to metaphor, that is linkingh two different conceptual fields 4. Synecdoche: a kind of metonomy, in which a part of smth. is used to signify the whole e.g all hands on deck!, London will pay the EU money. 5. Pun: Wortspiel, Word play, can be understood in two different ways 6. Personification: giving smth. human qualities e.g. I wandered lonely as a cloud. 7. Allegory: extended personification, concrete presentation of an abstract idea in two meanings 1) surface meaning 2) under-the-surface-meaning (as in fairytales) greek Allegoria=speaking otherwise 8. Symbol: a concrete object stands for some complex idea, e.g. white symbolisises innoncence, red roses love, a dove peace,... 9. Euphemism: Beschönigung, a word or expression to hide the true nature of something unpleasant by expressing it in a more pleasant, indirect way 10.Dysphemism: Ggt. von Beschönigung 11.Irony: meaning the opposite of what is said a) verbal irony: the opposite of what is said is meant b) situational irony: the opposite of what is expected happens c) dramatic irony 12. Hyperbole: Exaggeration to emphasis smth. e.g. I could eat a horse! 13. Litotes: Understatement in the negation, e.g. The dinner was not bad. 14. Hyperphora: rhetoric question that is answered right away 15. Oxymoron: smth. that contradicts itself, e.g. The living dead

POETRY

SCHEMES: 1. Anaphora: repetitions of words in the beginning of lines or phrases Epiphora: repitition of words in the end of lines or phrases 2. Alliteration: words starting with the same letters 3. Assonance/ Consonance 4. Onomatopeia: a word that doesnt really exist, creates a sound effect, e.g. woof, hiss 5. Parallelism: repeating the same or similar syntactical form in different sentences or parts of the same sentence 6. Chiasm: repetition in inverted order 7. Asyndeton: joining words or phrases by commas only 8. Polysyndeton: joining words or phrases by conjunctions 9. Paradox: statement that seems to be contradictory and true at the same time 10. Oxymoron: condensed version of the paradox, smth. that contradicts itself, e.g. The living dead

How to: Close Reading- Poetry 1) Sum up what the poem is about 2) Sum up each stanza 3) Give a Thesis: subject matter of this poem, concern What is the poem really saying 4) Analyse the form (toolkit), and describe how it matches or echoes the content (meaning and interpretation) What is there (metaphor, anaphora,...and why is it there, what does it achieve How is the structure of the poem (peotic form: metre, rhyme) How is the rhetorical form (figurative language): symbolic meanings How do they contribute to the interpretation (meaning) smth. matches, echoes, reflects, imitates, enhances meaning/content, anticipates smth. comes apparent trough/ by / in smth. is evident, hidden smth. is foreshadowed a wordplay,... is at work here works to highlight, stress, emphasize, signal smth. emerges again the peom contrasts, argues, focus/generalisation in the line... shift/expands topics smth. is expressed in the use of... smth. offers a sudden turn a speaker adresses 5) Summary and conclusion --> broader meaning!

POETRY

Transitional Phrases: Joining: also, and, again, as well as, furthermore, in addition, moreover, firtly, secondly, finally comparing: also, comparing, likewise, in comparison, in the same way, similarly contrasting: although, but, conversely, despite of, even though, however, in contrast to, instead, nevertheless, on the contrary, on the one hand...,on the other hand.., otherwise, regardless, still, yet, to the contrary giving an example: for example, for instance, namely, specifically, to illustrate giving an explanation: certainly, indeed, in fact, in other words, of course, simply stated, such as, that is Showing conclusions: accordingly, as a consequence, as a result, because, consequently, then, thereupon, so that, so, therefore, thus Summarizing ideas: after all, all in all, as we have seen, in brief, to sum up, in closing, in conclusion, in short, in summary, on the whole, to summarize

Exkurs: Romantic Poetry -exalted imagination and emotion -appealed to an d expressed a love of nature...